Othello Questions - 1696 Words

Act 1 Scene 1 Questions 1. From Roderigo’s first speech it appears that he paid Iago for something? Can you tell what it is? So that he will help win over Desdemona’s heart 2. Iago say he hates Othello for what reason? Iago hates Othello because he didn’t get the promotion and Michael Cassio did and Iago thinks he is the one who deserves it 3. What does Iago say of Cassio? Iago says that Cassio is undeserving as he has no experience and only has book knowledge 4. What two kinds of followers are there, according to Iago? The loyal who will follow their leader to death and the ones who will act like that but are really plotting against him 5. Shortly after this, Iago speaks about appearance and reality. He concludes â€Å"I am not what I am†.†¦show more content†¦He defends Cassio and says that he does not know who started it ‘I do not know.’ (2.3.160) 3. What makes Iago a villain in this scene? Iago can easily play a friend and always look sorrowful yet behind their backs he is plotting against them. Iago is seen as honest, ‘honest Iago, that looks dead with grieving’ (2.3.158) and 4. Try to translate Iago’s key speech line by line if possible line 303 – 329. Remember we can’t know exactly what Shakespeare meant so it’s up to you!!! How can someone say I am evil when I do a lot of great things? Act 3 Scene 3 1. For what two reasons does Desdemona agree to plead Cassio’s case? Cassio and Othello have been friends for so long and Desdemona would hate to see that go to waste ‘You do love my lord, you have known him long’ (3.3.10-11) and Desdemona believes Cassio to be an honest man. 2. What is Iago referring to when he says, â€Å"Ha! I like not that.† Cassio leaving quickly when Iago and Othello arrives so that he can plant a seed of doubt about Cassio and Desdemona’s relationship ‘Cassio, my lord?... I cannot think†¦/ that he would steal away so guilty-like,/ seeing you coming’ (3.3.38-39) 3. Desdemona pleads Cassio’s case, and Othello agrees to reinstate him. What happens next? Othello starts to distance himself more and asks Desdemona to leave him alone ‘I do beseech thee,†¦/ leave me but a little to myself’ (3.3.84-85) the seed of doubt has been planted 4. After OthelloShow MoreRelatedOthello Study Guide Questions Essay3842 Words   |  16 PagesBrabantio comes down? Iago and Roderigo wake up Brabantio to spoil his happiness by telling him the Desdemona ran off with Othello. Brabantio is originally angry because he had told them not to come around him house, but is even more angry when he finds out that Desdemona is missing. Iago quietly slips away because he doesn’t want anybody to know that he isn’t loyal to Othello. 3. Explain the relationship between Iago and Roderigo. Who seems to be ‘in control’. Explain your first reaction to eachRead Moreothello questions5252 Words   |  22 Pagesï » ¿Othello Questions ACT I 1. While Shakespeare presents the world of Venice as a place of civilization, is slow turns into a place of un-civilization and disputes. For example, Roderigo and Iago wake up Brabantio and tell him that there are thieves in his house. In reply, Brabantio says This is Venice. My house is not a grange. This shows how Venice is not usually a place with interrupting events. . Shakespeare also shows how Venice is slowing becoming corrupt. This is demonstrated when DesdemonaRead MoreOthello Tragic Flaw1643 Words   |  7 PagesKapoor Professor Shapiro English 220.03 20 October 2017 It Is Othello’s Own Faults In Shakespeare’s Othello, Othello is a highly acclaimed general and because of his many achievements he has transcended stereotypes projected upon Moors in Venetian society. Desdemona and the nature of her affair, although it is false, is considered to be the root cause of Othello’s downfall and violent demise. Othello feels anxious about the racist nature engrained in Venetian society and eventually projects this mannerRead MoreDifferences Between Film And Othello1503 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the years the play Othello by William Shakespeare has been adapted both on the screen and on stage many times. The questions or race and racism that have quite often been a point of discussion with William Shakespeare’s play Othello can be seen through the bard, however some may argue that Othello’s skin colour was purely a plot device. This paper will look at two film that have been re-made since the 1960’s, which provides an analysis of the concept o f race and how political ideas andRead More The Use Of Animal Imagery In Othello Essay1040 Words   |  5 Pages In William Shakespeare’s play â€Å"Othello† the use of animal imagery was evident throughout the telling of the story. Shakespeare explained several characters actions by comparing them to similarities in animals. The characters in â€Å"Othello† were often depicted as having animal-like characteristics. Some characters were even compared to animals by other characters in the play. By defining characters in terms of these characteristics one can get a clear description of what the character isRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare Essay1483 Words   |  6 PagesOthello, in the simplest of terms, can be reduced to a play of jealously. Back in the 1940s and 1950s, when scholars focused on Shakespeare’s tale of the Moor, they centered all of their thoughts on the characters controlled by their own jealousy (James). In modern day, we’ve come to a time of civil rights where seeing the insane racism in this play is inevitable. To not see, this is an act of ignorance. Audiences during Shakespeare’s time would have been privy to this aspect as well, though theyRead MoreThe Venetian Society in Othello by William Shakespeare746 Words   |  3 PagesOthello by William Shakespeare raises the issue of how rampant beliefs and attitudes in a society can cause a person to question their sense of self. In a society where racial equality is near non-existent, Othello, a black skinned foreigner in the Venetian society, is constantly reminded of his s tatus as an outsider. Othello, however, is not depicted in a stereotypical manner and despite occupying a highly respected position he is often confronted with blatant racism throughout the play. The prevailingRead MoreOthello And The Western Canonical Presentation Of His Race Essay1505 Words   |  7 PagesOthello and the western canonical presentation of his race, has been reproduced numerous times throughout history. The post-colonial writings of Morrison and Chatterjee tackle how Othello and the presentation of his race are exploited as a form of entertainment. They write back and explore the relationship between Othello’s racial identity and the harm viewing race as a form of entertainment can have culturally in a globalised world. Othello is presented as a story devised by Desdemona inRead MoreIago : The Rhetorician Conspirator1680 Words   |  7 PagesDavin Truong Professor Bains English Writing 301 11/13/14 Iago: The Rhetorician Conspirator In William Shakespeare’s Othello, the antagonist Iago is arguably the most heinous villain in all of literature. His ability to shape shift in and out of character is what makes him unique. His tactics are similar to that of a cold blooded chameleon. Iago’s art of persuasion, his mastery of rhetoric as well as his ability to sense his victims’ insecurities and weaknesses, is what makes him so diabolicallyRead MoreUnderstanding Iagos Hatred Towards Othello Essay833 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstanding Iagos Hatred Towards Othello a) Iago hates Othello because he made a young Cassio his second-in-command. Iago feels greatly aggrieved that he was overlooked for promotion by the moor and instead Cassio was promoted to Lieutenant. Othello had fought in battles with Iago, thus he feels betrayed that he was not promoted by his comrade. Iago actually said about the reasons for his hatred in part â€Å"g† (p55 line 426-447). Those reason are rational enough for

Study Of Christian Doctrine And Theology - 2036 Words

Roosevelt Keys III Professor Terrence Chandler-Harrison 2 May 2016 Survey of Christian Doctrine Final Paper American Baptist College Doctrine and Theology For several centuries, there have been many religious groups who have struggled with the words doctrine and theology. Doctrine is defined as a particular principle, position, or policy that is taught or advocated. It is done so for the purpose for a religion or government. Theology is defined as the field of study and analysis that entreats of God, examines God s attributes and the relations of these factors to the universe. The study of divine things, religious truth or divinity. (Burrows, 1936). The heart of the dialogue surrounding these particular terms are rooted in the issues related to experience and interpretation. However, these two words additionally refer to a creed. In our present society, we refer to these as mission statements or vision statements. When a group of individuals come to together and try to agree on what they believe, they develop a collective truth to which they can all identify with, set the standard for others who want to be a part of their group, and im plement a successive measure of support to secure those who choose to follow them. Although the group may not agree one hundred percent on everything, they reach a mutual consensus regarding the foundational principles that substantiate what they have chosen to believe. Guthrie expresses in his writings, â€Å"Sex, politics, and theologyShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Christian Doctrine?938 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Christian doctrine? Christian doctrine tells us the truth about God, ourselves, and our world. Doctrine means teaching or instruction. A Church historian once defined Christian doctrine in this way: â€Å"Christian doctrine is what the church believes and teaches.† A doctrine is what the whole Bible teaches us about a particular topic. Christian doctrine may be defined as the fundamental truths of the Bible arranged in systematic form. The Assemblies of God has 16 fundamentals of truth or doctrinesRead MoreWhat Is Theology Essay1008 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is the ology? What does it explain if anything? According to the encyclopedia, it is related to the Greek Religion. In Christianity, the systematic study of the nature of God and Gods relationship with humanity and with the world. Although other religions may be said to have theologies, this is a matter of controversy within, for instance, Judaism , which holds that God is unknowable. This article will therefore confine itself to Christian theology. The development of theology in ChristendomRead More what is theology Essay995 Words   |  4 Pages What is theology? What does it explain if anything? According to the encyclopedia, it is related to the Greek Religion. In Christianity, the systematic study of the nature of God and Gods relationship with humanity and with the world. Although other religions may be said to have theologies, this is a matter of controversy within, for instance, Judaism , which holds that God is unknowable. This article will therefore confine itself to Christian t heology. The development of theology in ChristendomRead MoreThe Doctrine Of Salvation And Grace1327 Words   |  6 PagesSoteriology and the relation to the Doctrine of Salvation and Grace (Free Grace). Soteriology is â€Å"the study of the doctrine of salvation.† Basically, the teaching of Soteriology is part of Systematic Theology. This paper will approach each aspect of God Divine decrees, from a biblical standpoint and His plan of salvation. The working of God’s plan includes three periods in time: †¢ Eternity Past †¢ Earth’s History †¢ Eternity Future (Citing: Page 1, The Biblical Doctrine of Salvation, Tim Hegg) Read MoreQuestions On The Doctrine Of God1067 Words   |  5 Pagesto the Doctrine of God Submitted to Dr. Isaiah Nengean, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the completion of the course THEO 626 summer 15 by Harold B. Brewer, Jr. (ID# L24780291) Issues Relating to the Doctrine of God There are many issues facing the church today – some greater than others. However, the three most pressing issues for the Evangelical Christians and academia are a doctrine-less era, the prevalence of entrepreneurism, and open theology. Doctrine-less EraRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The Trinity1670 Words   |  7 Pagesprinciple of the Trinity as a doctrine in the Christian church. Our class readings from Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, Karl Barth, and Elizabeth Tanner reveal the necessity for discussion about the trinity to evolve throughout the last 1500 years of Christian theology in order for the doctrine to be modernized to the lexical and social understanding of contemporary Christians. Although Augustine may be one of the Fathers of Trinitarian Theology, his fifth century Trinitarian theology has not progressed compatiblyRead MoreThe Doctrine Of Angelology1169 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The study of the doctrine of Angelology, is a term used in Christian systematic theology. â€Å"The Hebrew word malak simply means â€Å"messenger†; it may refer to a human messenger (1 Kings 19:2) or a divine messenger (Gen. 28:12). The basic meaning of the word is ‘one who is sent.’† Wayne Grudem defines angels as, â€Å"Angels are created, spiritual beings with moral judgement and high intelligence, but without physical bodies.† Holy angels are messengers from God, while Satan â€Å"the god of thisRead MoreTheo 104 Reflection Paper 1642 Words   |  3 PagesBody Bible Study, Biblical Theology, Calvinism, Character Development, Christian Service, Comfort of God, Conscience, Contemporary, Theology, Conversion, Conviction, Cosmological Argument,Creation, Crown of Life, Deacon, Death Death of Christ, Deity of Christ, Demons,Denominations, Doctrine, Dogmatic Theology, Doubt, Elder, Election, Et , Jehovahistic Statements, Judgment, Eternality of Christ, Fall of Man, Fulfilled Prophecy ,Glory of God, Goodness, Gospel, Grace, Historical Theology, Holiness,Read MoreEssay on Women and the Trinity1125 Words   |  5 PagesWomen and the Trinity For most of us, faith development is a process. We grow in wisdom and stature and favor with God. As a Christian woman I know that my consciousness about the feminist agenda has evolved in stages also. First, I became aware of the generic language. Words like mankind, brotherhood, and the overused pronoun he was supposed to describe all of humanity. IT was clear that they contained a masculine bias. Little girls grew up hearing those words literally and scalingRead MoreWhy Should We Study Theology?904 Words   |  4 Pageson the baseball field and play. You may study theology and religion, but there comes a time when you must experience Christ for yourself. Without complicated theology, God Makes Us Holy guides the reader through restoration, regeneration, sanctification, and resurrection. These basic processes define sin, evil, and the excuses we use to accept them as normal. But mostly, they show God’s desire to mold us into His holy likeness. Why should we study Theology? According to Alister McGrath, having a

Unit 12 Btec P1 †Task P1A Free Essays

P1 – Describe the role internet marketing has in a modern marketing context using selected organisations as examples Internet marketing has played an important role as a means of advertising. All types of businesses have benefited from internet marketing when it comes to cost, relationship building and sales. Instantly millions of people can have access to a company, its products or services, and this can be done at any time anywhere in the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Unit 12 Btec P1 – Task P1A or any similar topic only for you Order Now Usually communication is done via e-mail reducing costs in telephone calls as well. And this benefits not only businesses which do not need to spend large sums of money on traditional ways of advertising but also benefits consumers who do not need to make telephone calls to know more about a company and its products or services; it is possible to find out everything with a few clicks. Internet marketing is also used to close deals which make the process easier and cheaper for the business and the customer. Even a mobile phone contract deal can be done via internet nowadays. Internet marketing also helps targeting overseas clients as products or services easily reach customers anywhere in the world through internet marketing. Relationship building is also one of the reasons why businesses use internet marketing; this can be done through e-mails received to update customers with latest products, services or news; another way to build good relationship with customers is by offering them services that can be done online without the hassle of going out to resolve an issue. One example is online banking where banks offer customers the facility of cancelling direct debits, make payments or transfers within minutes. How to cite Unit 12 Btec P1 – Task P1A, Papers

Courage Emerges free essay sample

I thought I knew pain. I thought I knew disappointment. What I failed to understand was the suffering that can evolve from such pain and disappointment. Each day was a challenge, first running through the pain of shin splints, followed by a struggle with a hip injury, and eventually being confronted with knee trauma, which forced me to end my running career, at least temporarily. To the best of my knowledge at that point, the toughest situation I would ever face was the absence of the love of my life: running. During the following months, I felt as if I was coping with the most grueling challenge that would ever test me. Unfortunately, and to the horror of those around me, I was absolutely incorrect. The most terrifying words I have ever heard anyone speak to me: â€Å"You are very ill, you need to go into the hospital. Your heart is not strong enough to support your body much longer in its current condition. We will write a custom essay sample on Courage Emerges or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † These words cut deeply, lashing both my parents and me. At that point, I came to the realization that I had harmed myself more than I could have imagined in my wildest dreams. The nurse practitioner held nothing back: â€Å"You have Anorexia Nervosa.† After being immediately admitted to Boston Children’s Hospital, I spent the next weeks there recuperating and strengthening my heart through nourishment and rest. After I was told that shocking news, I made up my mind. I would do whatever it took to restore my health. I had not been aware that I was restricting my food intake to the extent that the doctors diagnosed, but it clearly began as an obsession with eating healthy while I was running. When sidelined from this passion of mine, the portions I was eating gradually decreased in size until they were no longer substantial enough to maintain my body and activity level. I was released from the hospital when my heart was stabilized to a point at which it was strong enough to provide my body with the necessary blood and oxygen. I was given a plan to continue getting the nourishment I needed to become healthy again. From that point on, I was determined to beat this terrible, insidious disorder. Challenges often bring out the best traits in a person, as my disorder did for me. As a result of my recovery, I have proven what I, and my family and friends, always knew about me. I am strong. The mental and physical pain I suffered through as a part of my recovery is reduced due to the great deal of determination that I have discovered I possess. I am healthy now, and believe that I have experienced enough pain and disappointment to last me for a vast portion of my life. I refuse to let anything bring me down again. What can anyone anticipate to learn from an illness? The best outcome that anyone can expect from such a merciless and omnipresent disease has revealed itself to me. I have now answered that question for myself: I know for sure that this is a truly positive life-changing experience. This journey taught me that I can overcome pain, disappointment, and any other challenges that I am forced to confront. In the presence of such suffering, my true willpower, strength, optimism, and courage have been given the chance to emerge and expose themselves to the world.

Human Trafficking Solutions Essay Example

Human Trafficking Solutions Paper While in the United States, in Nevada, prostitution has been legal since 1971. In 2013, the National Conference to Commissioners on Monitor State Laws wrote the Uniform Act on prevention of and Remedies for Human Trafficking, to help states have a consistent basis for understanding and punishment of human trafficking victims and crimes (National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State, 2013). Other unused solutions could be dull legalization of prostitution in the SIS and worldwide, having closed borders from state to state and country to entry, and finally micro chipping the offenders of human trafficking. The first proposed solution is the legalization of prostitution. The Netherlands and Germany legalized prostitution two years from each other. The Netherlands hope that legalizing prostitution would lower the human trafficking in their country by making the more acceptable forms of prostitution legal, they could separate the acceptable from the exploitative and illegal forms Of prostitution, (Bandmaster. 2012). For the same above reasons Germany did the same thing with the same hopes as the Netherlands. Though now there is a ratio of of legal prostitutes to illegal prostitutes in both countries (Spiegel, 2013). The legalization of prostitution has not been the answer to human trafficking in Europe. In the US, Nevada is the only state to have legal prostitution, though they have state and county laws regulating it. Europe has some regulations as well but not to the extent of the laws in Nevada, In Nevada, prostitutes must register as independent contractors and do not get health benefits, unemployment benefits, or retirement benefits. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Trafficking Solutions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Human Trafficking Solutions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Human Trafficking Solutions specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer They are also required to get weekly STUD health heck and monthly HIVE testing (Kiang, 2011). Brothel owners are responsible it a client is diagnosed with HIVE (Gang, 2011). To date no legal prostitute has been diagnosed with HIVE, while the 50th illegal prostitute has recently been arrested with Brothels are not allowed in any city with a population over 400,000 people (Kiang, 2011).. This means there are no brothels in Reno or Alas Vegas. Both the US and Europe still have big problems with human trafficking and are working to help find solutions. The second proposed solution to human trafficking is going to a closed borders yester in the states and other countries. A closed border system means that there would be check points at all State borders. By doing this all vehicles would be searched, illegal goods will be confiscated and any people being hidden or moved unwilling Will be held until further notice. Their car Will be impounded as well. This system would also catch drug runners and illegal immigrants coming into the LIST and other countries. The closed border system in Europe and Asia would work the same way. It would lower the illegal prostitution rate in most of European countries as well as lower the drug trafficking. Using a closed border system would also create jobs in both countries since more border patrol officers and police officers would be needed. The extra officers would be funded by the money being brought in from the fees paid by legal brothels and legal prostitutes. The drug money confiscated by the border patrol officers would also go back into the closed border systems. The third solution would be to place a tracking microchip in the trafficking offenders when they get released from prison. Just like sex offenders have to register and be watched constantly, the offender would be tracked to ensure they stay away from places known for holding the victims of human trafficking. They can also be watched to lead the police to the larger trafficking ring leaders. The offender will be required to sign a waiver stating that he understands the conditions of release include the micro chipping. Human trafficking is an issue that has many different parts to it and has many different solutions to each part. The biggest solution to human trafficking is to et society to care about something Other than themselves again.

Ben Gibson Essays - Military, Fiction, Sniper Warfare, The Sniper

Ben Gibson Essays - Military, Fiction, Sniper Warfare, The Sniper Ben Gibson Honors English One Mrs. Kurtz 18 March 2015 Ironic Twists in Liam O'Flaherty's "The Sniper" In 1921, Ireland seceded from England, but England wanted to maintain control over ports of the country. This led to Irish Civil War and divided once unified armies, pitting brother vs. brother. Liam O'Flaherty discusses the emotional journey of an I.R.A. sniper. There are many "ironic" twists in the story that reveal the theme or; war takes human kind and turns brother on brother to take and grieve with the consequences. One surprising ironic moment that reflects the theme occurs when an innocent looking elderly woman turns out to be an enemy informant. The sniper defends his position from a roof top near O'Connell Bridge when he sees an elderly, shawled women approach. The women advances to a steel car and she points to "the roof where the sniper lay" (O'Flaherty 1). This is ironic because the reader would expect the enemy to be a seasoned, intimidating soldier. The sniper shoots her and she falls into the gutter. This ironic moment supports the theme that war takes human kind and turns brother on brother to take and grieve with the consequences. This ties in with the theme because now the sniper has to deal and grieve with killing an old lady. Another unexpected ironic moment that reflects the theme occurs when the sniper gets into a gun fight. The sniper is in a standstill with another sniper and is hurt. He then tricks the other sniper to look like he has been killed by him then he kills his enemy. He watches the sniper fall to the ground and he "shudders as he falls and the lust of battle died in him. He became bitten by remorse "(3). This ironic moment is unexpected because at the beginning of the story he is fanatical and thoughtful about the prospect of killing and in the end he is bitten by remorse and lost the lust of battle. This ties in with the theme because after killing his enemy he is already grieving about the consequence of killing his enemy. The most ironic moment in the sniper is when the sniper kills his enemy. The sniper is getting off the roof with the thought of his enemy's lifeless body in his mind. Bitten by remorse the sniper becomes curious about his enemy's identity. He is wondering if he might have known him before the split. The sniper sprinted across the courtyard to his fallen enemy's body and "turned over the dead body and looked into his brother's face" (3). This moment is so unexpected and ironic because in the heat of battle you don't expect your enemy to be your own family or kin. This ties in with the theme because it literally put brother vs. brother and now the sniper has to grieve with the thought of he killed his own brother. Overall, the writer views that war creates killers who take and grieve with to turns brother on brother to take and grieve with the consequences of their actions. What the reader learns about life from this piece is that it is unforgiving and throws humanity's life in a tornado to twist and turn it. The irony lead into the meaning of the story by telling how it turned brother on brother and how the point of view of war changes in the sniper after grieving with the consequences of his actions.

Women's rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Women's rights - Essay Example American Slavery. American women."( Fuller, 123). The previous year has seen movement in the Rhode Island council, to secure wedded ladies rights over their own particular property, where men demonstrated that a next to no examination of the subject could show them. To a great extent acknowledged, composed by a lady, instigated, it is said, by glaring wrong to a recognized companion, having indicated the imperfections in the existing laws, and the state of estimation from which they spring; and a reply from the loved old man, J. Q. Adams, in a few regards the Phocion of his time, to a location made him by a few women. These indications of the times have gone under perspective inadvertently: one who looks for, may, every month or week, gather more. The various gatherings, whose slants are now marked and balanced an excessive amount to their brain to concede to any new light, strive, by addresses on some model lady of spouse like magnificence and tenderness, by composing and loaning little arrangements, expected to check out with exactness the breaking points of Womans circle, and Womans mission, to anticipate other than the legitimate shepherd from climbing the divider, or the group from utilizing any opportunity to wander off. A high apex, or in any event a cathedral spire, might be attractive. It may well be an abolitionism party that argues for Woman, on the off chance that we think about only that she doesnt hold property on equivalent terms with men; so that, if a spouse bites the dust without making a will, the wife, as opposed to taking immediately his spot as leader of the family, inherits just a piece of his fortune, regularly brought him independent from anyone else, as though she were a tyke, or ward just, not an equivalent accomplice. The degenerate and unmoving men live upon the profit of enterprising wives; or if the wives abandon them, and bring with them the youngsters, to

Reaserch Paper on Othello the Moor of Venice, as a tragedy Research - 1

Reaserch on Othello the Moor of Venice, as a tragedy - Research Paper Example istotle’s concept of tragedy is based on a sum total of a few essential fundamentals that are a complex plot with a suitable beginning middle and the end, organic unity, appropriate length, the unities of time and place, apt relationship between the character and plot, goodness, consistency of characterization, hamartia, peripity, anagnorisis or discovery, feelings of pity and fear and catharsis.1 Based on the parameters as established by Aristotle for a worthy tragedy, William Shakespeare’s Othello, the Moor of Venice is an ideal Aristotelian tragedy. Othello is a specific tragedy of passion and to label it as an Aristotelian tragedy is certainly appropriate. Of all Shakespeare’s tragedies, Othello is the most painfully exciting and the most terrible. As one goes through it, one experiences the extremes of the feelings of pity, fear, sympathy, disgust, sickening hope and dreadful expectation. Othello, the Moor of Venice, could and should essentially be classified as a typical Aristotelian tragedy and Othello is the most worthy tragic hero of Shakespeare who satisfies almost all the credentials of a tragic hero as evinced by Aristotle. As one goes through the play Othello, one experiences the extremes of the feelings of pity, fear, sympathy, disgust, sickening hope and a dreadful expectation.2 Evil is displaced before the reader in such a way that one simply watches its progress in an awed and fascinated manner. A lot of factors contribute to the exciting and painful impact of this play as the conflict in Othello’s mind, the ensuing sexual jealousy, Desdemona’s humiliation and murder, the accompanying intrigue and so much.3 Besides, the role played by ‘accident’ in Othello produces not only a strong sense of the working of fate, but makes the play more terrible. In Othello, so many things happen by chance to aid Iago’s plot that one feels that his victims are also the victims of fate. Then there is the little comic relief in the guise of Iago’s

Pompeii and Herculaneum in 79AD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pompeii and Herculaneum in 79AD - Essay Example It was founded around the 6th century BC, built on a volcanic ridge, produced by prehistoric lava by the Oscans. It remained a fortified city, completely rnclosed by a high wall and maintained its own language and culture. It was rich in architecture and this was focused on public places. Pompeii was divided into nine zones and the ‘regio’ was further sub-divided into ‘insulae’. The dwellings were of different dimensions depending upon the wealth of the inhabitants. It had atrium houses, lower class residential and commercial structures, vineyards and gardens, and several major public buildings- a basilica, public baths, theater, temples, and a forum (Olson-Raymer). Herculaneum was founded by the Greek Hero Hercules. Herculaneum was more peaceful and elegant than Pompeii (Herculaneum). Herculaneum was devoted to navy and fishing and had a lot of greenery. It was also famous for architecture while marble and bronze were its natural resources. It was rich in m osaic too. Pompeii on the other hand was a good passage for goods that arrived by sea or had to further move towards Rome.

Personal Development in Human Relations

Personal Development in Human Relations Robert McGregor Section I Is Human Relations (HR) an art or a science? Personally, I believe that HR is a science that must be artfully managed to utilize lessons learned and best practices for improving the well-being and effectiveness of employees within the organization. As our planet becomes interconnected, via satellites and the internet, it is now just as easy to communicate with someone across the globe as it is someone across the street. Therefore, it becomes increasingly important to gain a better understanding of the different people and different cultures that enrich our every shrinking planet. HR professionals have the very important task of gathering, training, and organizing the human assets who make the difference for an organizations success or failure. According to DeCenzo and Silhanek (2002) Human Relations is the composite of interactions that exist between people in all aspects of their personal and professional lives (p. 2). This broad and all-encompassing definition provides a general baseline for the study of HR and its guiding principles. However, it is necessary to dig deeper in order to understand the connections and relationships between the people and the organization. In doing so, it becomes possible to unlock the maximum effectiveness of both. The history of Human Relations, or Human Resources, can be traced back to England, where masons, carpenters, leather workers, and other craftspeople organized themselves into guilds They used their unity to improve their working conditions (Ivancevich, 2010, p. 5).ÂÂ   The industrial revolution brought about a significant change to the work environment and shifted the demand for the workforce. The introductions of machines in manufacturing propelled the need for workers, supervisors, and employers to build the complex new society. Time, efficiency, and productivity became the only metrics of concern in the workplace. As the population increased so did the demand for mass produced products which propelled the demand for the labor force. The people moved from rural and agricultural areas to fill jobs in the growing cities. The economic growth spurred the production requirements. As a result, in 1878, Fredrick Taylor, an engineer in Philadelphia began to study worker efficiency in an attempt to find the fastest and best way to do a job. His efforts summarized scientific management, the focus of job efficiencies (DeCenzo Shilhanek, 2002, p. 12) The manufacturing processes brought about bigger organizations which required increasing the number of workers. The workers, in turn, organized and formed unions to communicate their needs to the managers and owners for better pay, benefits, and working conditions. Ivancevich (2010) observed that in the 1920s, more firms began utilizing personnel departments to bridge the gap between management and workers. Researchers from Harvard, Elton Mayo, and Fritz Roelthisberger, started a series of experiments to research how physical working conditions affected worker productivity. Over the course of a decade, their observations led them to shift their focus to interpersonal relations among workers and management. Sundstrom et al. (2000) documented the Hawthorne studies research and found that employees needs and desires to belong to a group proved more influential than monetary incentives and good working conditions at improving employee productivity. This investigation into human factors and the work environment began human relations movement. Much like the advent of machines during the industrial revolution, todays technology pushes change to organizations and the labor force they employ.ÂÂ   The need for HR is vital now more than ever for firms that want to remain relevant in the global economy. Globalization has forced the business environment to evolve, thus strongly influencing the organizational behaviors of managers and workers of today. Laptops, iPads, and smartphones have mobilized the workplace. In addition, the immediate ability to connect has abolished the notion of managing locally. Firms now have offices around the globe and supervisors, are no longer limited to their geographic location. They must know and understand their new workforce who live in different countries, practice different religions, and come from vastly different cultures. The HR professional is key to bridging the new geographic, cultural, communication gap that now separates employer and employees. The valuable human relations information necessary to aid organizational communications both linguistically and culturally, flow is the responsibility of the HR team who must shape and develop the most valuable asset to the firm; people. Technology is forever advancing and pushing economic growth. Therefore, change will always be a part of the organizational structure. This means future workplace will be vastly different than what previous generations could have ever dreamed. Meister (2010) predicts that the next decade will usher in companies and business models that are unimaginable today, and will dramatically change how we live, work, learn, communicate and play. However, people will still be at the core of the company. HR will be needed to continue aiding in the interpersonal relationships necessary to make everything and everyone work together. Section II My coursework in Human Relations provided a solid foundation of the three primary areas of study. I found the organizational module particularly interesting and selected it as my literature area of emphasis. The organizational aspect of Human Relations provides a significant challenge to the HR professional. Large or small, simple or complex, the HR department must understand completely the company and its mission in order to recruit, train, and employ the best most efficient workforce needed. Ultimately, people make the organization and it is the job of the HR team to fit people into work an environment that will motivate them to work together harmoniously. As a field of study, there are many different facets to the organizational setting that must be considered. The Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) has developed a competency model which details the knowledge requirements the HR professional needs to help meet the needs of the company (SHRM, 2016). The organizational behavior, structure, culture, strategy, diversity, and quality of life are just a few of the areas of competencies the HR team provides guidance on to the management team when they are strategically managing people as business resources. According to author Stephen Robbins (2014), the goal of studying organizational behavior is to understand and predict human behavior in organizations.ÂÂ   Several different specialties, such as psychology, sociology, and anthropology, contribute to the comprehensive literature for human behavior. While they are not as concrete as the laws of physics or chemistry, understanding these disciplines allow the HR professional to generalize about human behavior and how it will impact the organization. The organizational structure is identified by Hitt, Ireland, and Hoskission (2015) as the formal reporting relationships, procedures, controls, authority, and decision-making process. The U.S. military has a very ridged and formal chain of command organizational structure; however, human behavior still drives the culture and customs. If change is to be made within the organization, it must begin with the people. HR is one of the central vehicles for creating culture change (Grundy and Brown, 2003, p. 171). Many organizations focus on changing the organizations culture in order to improve performance and becoming more competitive in the marketplace. This is best accomplished by aligning the HR strategy with the organizations overall strategy for the business culture. Edgar Schein (2010) defines culture as A pattern of shared basic assumptions learned by a group as it solved its problems of external adaptation and internal integration, which has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems. An organization determined to change their current culture will often release a large number of employees such as CSX laying off 1000 managers or Hershey terminating 2000 employees (Utermohlen, 2017, Wattles, 2017) These drastic changes should be made with the HR team in full understanding of the personnel requirements desired for moving forward. They must get the people part right; then the strategy and execution will happen. A diversity strategy is another important consideration for todays global organizations. As companies branch out into new developing countries, it is important to consider the idea of differentiation and integrations. Morgan (2006) refers to this as requisite variety; the internal regulatory mechanisms of a system must be as diverse as the environment in which it operates (p. 44). Basically, the employees of a multinational company should reflect the suppliers with whom they work and customers whose business they wish to attract. Humphrey and Stokes (2000) predicts that twenty-first-century caliber supervisors must understand the purpose of building a dynamic team is to enhance performance and to grow a successful organization of the future. Diversity is a complex and challenging strategy for the HR leader to manage. Some of the employees within the company will be unwilling to see the need to integrate as well as to see the discriminatory nature of their actions. HR must be proactive in protecting the organization from individuals who fail to understand Federal Employment Laws and potentially jeopardizing the company with potential litigation. Employers must be careful when they treat similarly situated employees differently because discriminatory intent can be proven by either direct or circumstantial evident (Muller, 2013, p. 152). Legal ramifications due to discriminatory practices can destroy an organization. The HR professional should be proactive in training all staff members on the importance of diversity, acceptance, and inclusion as well as the dangers of discrimination. Organizations often depend on human resource professionals to help maintain positive relations with employee (Noe et al., 2016, p. 10). I believe the art of human relations management relies on the knowledge, experience, and competence of the HR team and it is a major function of what makes a business work. A stable and appealing workplace with a content workforce are more likely to attract and retain the best employees, maintain loyal customers and adjust to the ever-changing marketplace. These concepts were very apparent in the organization I was fortunate to work for during my internship. The personnel were very well trained, the work environment provided a comfortable place to work with challenging tasks that made a difference on the world stage. The communication both up and down the chain was clear and effective without being condescending or overbearing. Workers were allowed to have meaningful input on assignments and feedback from supervisors was timely and on target. The training and skills I learned both through my classroom literature and my internship experience, prepared me very well for the international relations challenges that I will discuss in the next section. The HR professional must be prepared to utilize a wide array of skills, techniques, and competencies to meet the organizations needs for a stable work environment. They should also continually add to their toolbox by remaining current in new trends in the human relations field. However, they can never forget at the end of the day, it is all about the people. The human talent that makes the company great.ÂÂ   Authors Sartain and Finney (2003) noted that companies depend more than ever on the unique contributions, passion, commitment, and heart of every single individual within them (p. 104). I am excited about the HR community and its future. Section III This country recently completed a presidential election that will have social repercussions for years to come. The shift in our new government is having a tremendous social impact, both domestically and abroad. It reverberates around the globe as so-called enemies and allies work to determine exactly how to reestablish their relationship with America. During my internship, I experienced first-hand Americas political and social interactions with many other nations; learning how critical the human element is to the negotiation and agreement on issues important to the national security of our country and its allies. Understanding and relating social theory to actual social practice is critical when working with the delicate intricacies of human relationships in a highly charged political environment. This is perfectly illustrated by the situation faced by former National Security Advisor Mike Flynn. He ultimately resigned because he allegedly overstepped in his discussions Russian leaders, and his behavior potentially violated the Logan Act (Miller Rucker, 2017). This will be discussed later. Over my 26-year military career, I have held a wide range of positions; from Dental Assistant to Helicopter Pilot. However, my brief internship in the Foreign Affairs Office for the Commander of Naval Forces Europe has had a profound impact on my understanding of human relations. In my primary function as a pilot, I naturally held leadership positions that correlated with the rank that I held. My aviation units did not have HR departments to hire, train, and help manage workers. As leaders, we simply did it all. I grew accustomed to taking care of my people and for the most part always giving orders. When a new person reported on board, I reviewed their records and arranged for the training they needed. If they had pay or benefits problems, I sent them to our administrative department to get them fixed. All basic HR functions were handled in-house. Although we had general leadership training, we did not have formal training in human social relations. I gave orders and they were obeyed, if not then the offender was disciplined. Sounds a little draconian, but military units are focused on accomplishing a mission that often puts lives in danger, not for sensitivity groups wanting to get in touch with our feelings. So I grew accustomed to dealing with people in a certain way. This mentality would rapidly change as my internship progressed. Lacking a formal HR department, I chose to do my internship with the local Foreign Affairs Office. The Foreign Affairs Officer (FAO) is a specific career path in the U.S. Navy. The officers are specially trained to for a variety of diplomatic assignments around the world. Navy FAOs maintain knowledge of political-military affairs; familiarity with the political, cultural, social, economic, and geographic factors of the countries and regions in which they are stationed; and proficiency in one or more of the dominant languages in their regions of expertise. (Navy Personnel Command, 2017) These skills I would have to learn through on the job training. The function of the FAO office in Europe is to plan and execute operations, provide liaison with foreign militaries operating in coalitions with U.S. forces, conduct political-social-military activities, and execute military-diplomatic missions. This is known as Theater Security Cooperation. I was assigned to help in the Black Sea department of the FAO office during a unique time. Russia had recently annexed the Crimean Peninsula by force from the Ukraine. Many of our NATO allies were deeply concerned that President Putin would not stop there and continue to push his forces into other neighboring nations and eventually occupy the entire Black Sea region (Treisman, 2016). The FAO office was tasked with coordinating meetings and activities to reassure our allies of Americas commitment and support to NATO. In the beginning, my role was to coordinate simple maritime interactions with Turkey, Bulgaria, and Romania. I learned to work with our embassies in those countries to set up port visits by U.S. ships. Having our troops in their cities was a big boost of confidence to our partner nations. I also organized Passing Exercises (PASSEXs), these are maneuvering drills that the ships do together to render honors to each other as they pass. This seemingly simple activity required considerable coordination as numerous messages must be sent back and forth from our commanders to our embassy over to their embassy to their commanders. However, these engagements provide a sense of comradery. In my opinion, it is reflective of the findings from the Hawthorne studies mentioned in earlier which show the strong intrinsic desire for human beings to belong to a group. We continued to plan activities to reassure our allies. I took on the daunting task of arranging and organizing a Secretary of the Defense to visit Constanta, Romania. Another task that sounds simple, however, requires a tremendous amount of preparatory work to execute smoothly. The diplomatic coordination required was astounding to me. Especially in light of the recent Russian and Ukraine hostilities. The detailed attention to social protocols and customs were particularly challenging. The visit extremely well, projecting the desired effect of NATO unity. However, I was admonished by my supervisor for failing to delegate. Due to the sensitive nature of the information, all the details were reviewed by the senior officers before approval. Trying to do everything myself, and lacking formal diplomatic training, I happen to miss a few necessary items that could have impacted the trip. Fortunately, my supervisor caught my errors before they became an issue. Official diplomatic negotiations were another aspect of the FAO liaison duties I was able to observe. The United States and Romania agreed to build a U.S. military installation in Romania. The specific details required for construction had to be discussed at length in very formal diplomatic meetings. I was fortunate to attend two of these meetings. The process is long and drawn out with extensive cultural activities that must be considered and observed. Our European hosts enjoyed visiting and drinking coffee before a meeting started. It would be offensive if we did not partake in this ritual before getting down to business. This was a big part of the social theories that I had to put into practice. It was interesting that while a lot was said during the official meeting, the real agreements were worked out during the breaks when counterparts could talk offline and come to an understanding. However, as Mike Flynn learned, you have to be very careful what you discuss during these moments. The Logan Act basically forbids any citizen of the United States, from promising or influencing any foreign government or agent thereof, any disputes or controversies without proper authority (Legal Information Institute, 2017). Our partners always want more than we are able to give and it is imperative that we refute them without insulting them. Communicating skills are vital for building successful professional relationships. My final major event was planning, directing, and executing all aspects of the Eurasian Partnership Dive exercise (EP Dive).ÂÂ   EP Dive is a multilateral interoperability event, involving over 30 Officers and Sailors from Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Romania, and Ukraine. The goal is to promote Theater Security Cooperation as well as increased maritime stability within the Black Sea Countries. This exercise demanded all of my leadership, communication, and human relations skills without being in a combat environment. I led a team of 4 junior officers. We obtained approval and funding, then planned the facility, the equipment, the translators, and the rooms. We enabled over 30 divers from different countries, with different languages, and different cultures, to conduct coordinated, military, deep sea dive exercises for a week without incident or injury. The EP Dive engagement exemplified the purpose of the Foreign Affairs Office; to build cooperation and interoperability while enhancing theater security. This is done by engaging the human element in the spirit of friendship and not battle. As an organization, the FAO office faces many challenges, however, through creative use of human relations skills, they work to resolve issues in the European community. Cooperating with diverse international staffs, U.S. Embassies, and U.S. State Department personnel, the organization meets the ever changing demands of our partner nations. It is difficult to be critical of this organization as I was completely impressed the FAO department. They are well suited to meet the needs of the international community with whom they work. The staff is exemplary, and they are managed and trained very well in the art and science of human relations.ÂÂ   It was a pleasure getting to know some of the smartest people I have ever met. I was immediately accepted as part of the team even though I lacked their formal training and language skills. My supervisor provided solid guidance while still allowing me to learn and operate independently. The demands of the job are never ending as the political climates around Europe change almost day to day. They must continually adapt to fluctuating needs of the partner nations. Therefore, my only recommendation would be for more exceptional personnel to help relieve the stress. Otherwise, they are successful at accomplishing a difficult mission. I truly enjoyed learning by doing. I made my fair share of mistakes, but I learned from them. Fortunately, the lessons I learned in Grad Studies, the techniques acquired in Stress Management, and the understanding I gained in Organizational behavior helped me adjust quickly to the international relations community. I interacted well with foreign counterparts and gained a breadth of experience in relating to a diverse community. I did not cause an international incident, so I would say this internship was a very successful venture. I can now see myself potentially working for the State Department in the future by using the human relations skills that I have learned in this program to make difference help our allies. The European Foreign Affairs Office for Commander of Naval Europe is an organization I would be happy to work for again and one that I would highly recommend as an internship opportunity to future Oklahoma University HR students. REFERENCES DeCenzo, D., Silhanek, B. (2002). Human Relations: Personal and Professional Development (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Grundy, T., Brown, L. (2003) Value-based Human Resource Strategy. Burlington, MA: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. Hitt, M., Ireland, R., Hoskisson, R. (2015). Strategic Management: Competitive and Globalization Concepts. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. Humphrey, B., Stokes, J. (2000). The 21st Century Supervisor: Essential Skills for Frontline Leaders. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass/Pfeiffer. Ivancevich, J. (2010). Human Resource Management (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Legal Information Institute. (2017) 18 U.S. Code ÂÂ § 953 Private correspondence with foreign governments. Cornell University Law School. Retrieved from https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/953 Meister, J., Willyerd, K. (2010). The 2020 Workplace: How Innovative Companies Attract, Develop, and Keep Tomorrows Employees Today. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers. Miller, G., Rucker, P. (2017, February 14). Michael Flynn resigns as national security adviser. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/michael-flynn-resigns-as-national-security-adviser/2017/02/13/0007c0a8-f26e-11e6-8d72-263470bf0401_story.html?utm_term=.64e02686f459 Morgan, G. (2006). Images of Organization. Thousand Oak, CA: Sage Publications Ltd. Muller, M. (2013). The Managers Guide to HR (2nd ed.). New York, NY: American Management Association. Navy Personnel Command (2017, February). Foreign Area Officer (PERS-473C). Retrieved from http://www.public.navy.mil/bupers-npc/officer/Detailing/FAO/Pages/default.aspx Noe, R., Hollenbeck, J., Gerhart, B., Wright, P. (2016). Fundamentals of Human Resource Management (6th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Robbins, S., Judge, T. (2014). Essentials of Organizational Behavior (12th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Schein, E. (2010). Organizational Culture and Leadership (4th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Sartain, L., Finney, M. (2003). HR from the Heart: Inspiring Stories and Strategies for Building the People Side of Great Business. New York, NY: AMACOM. Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM). (2016). The SHRM Body of Competency and Knowledge 2016. Retrieved from https://www.shrm.org/certification/about/ bodyofcompetencyknowledge/pages/default.aspx Sundstrom, E., McIntyre, M., Halfhill, T., Richards, H. (2000). Work groups: From the Hawthorne studies to work teams of the 1990s and beyond. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 4(1), 44-67. Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.lib.ou.edu/docview/614355706?accountid=129464 Treisman, D. (2016 May/June). Why Putin Took Crimea. The Gambler in the Kremlin. Retrieved from https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/ukraine/2016-04-18/why-putin-took-crimea Utermohlen, K. (2017, February 21). CSX Corporation (CSX) Layoffs: Company to Cut 1,000 Management Jobs. Investor Place. Retrieved from http://investorplace.com/2017/02/csx-corporation-csx-layoffs/ Wattles, J. (2017, February 28). Hersheys bitter news: Cutting more than 2,000 jobs. CNN Money. Retrieved from http://money.cnn.com/2017/02/28/news/companies/hershey-job-cuts/index.html

Nuclear Iconography in Post-Cold War Culture :: Culture War Nuclear Iconography Essays

Nuclear Iconography in Post-Cold War Culture I wish in this paper to sketch a project involving nuclear iconography and post-Cold War culture. At the heart of this project is the claim that the current historical moment forms a legitimation crisis for the scientific, military, industrial, governmental, and "cultural" institutions whose interests are configured in the design, manufacture, deployment, and "use" of nuclear weapons. Within this moment, a variety of progressive and regressive movements have been intitiated through the production and reception of nuclear weapons rhetoric. The role of visual iconography in nuclear hegemony has traditionally received minor attention (e.g., compared with the "nukespeak" of foreign policy, mass media news coverage, and literary works). Recent scholarly articles and books have attempted to correct this verbalist imbalance by examining the genres and discourses of nuclear art (e.g., painting), cinema and photography. Collectively, this work establishes that the Bomb is -- after W.J.T. Mitc hell -- an "imagetext" in which verbal and iconic discourses interanimate to produce ways of (not) seeing and forms of (not) feeling that have historically positioned cultural subjects in relation to the technologies, policies, figures, locations, events, and institutions (in both senses as "customary practices" and "formal organizations") which have constituted the nuclear condition . . . "Now Do You See It?": Post-Cold War Nuclear Iconography I am interested in the role of visual rhetoric in maintaining this "war of position" between military, environmental, arms-control, pacifist, industrial, scientific and federal interests [in post-Cold War culture]. Issues in this research include the nature of verbal and visual codes in nuclear representations (e.g., in critical disagreement over the success of nuclear landscape photography in evoking viewer knowledge of the deadly, invisible radiation which "really" suffuses its depicted objects), the uses to which images are put in various social contexts (e.g., in museum exhibits commemorating the Japanese atomic bombings), and the consequences of images for existing power relations between nuclear authorities and citizens (e.g., in legitimating the "accelerated" -- and arguably incomplete -- cleanup of contaminated nuclear weapons plants by federal agencies and their contractors) . . . . . . A preliminary survey of prominent nuclear weapons images suggests [this] "new" theme in this process, unique to the post-Cold War era . . . . . . "Museumification" This theme describes the inter-related processes by which the partially decrepit and moribund nuclear apparatus is being dismantled, appropriated, recycled, commodified, and memorialized in contemporary culture (e.

Poetry Anthology on John Brereton

POETRY ASSIGNMENT ?Biography John Le Gay Brereton was born in Sydney, Australia, on the 2nd of September 1871. He was the fifth son of John Le Gay Brereton (snr), a doctor, and his wife Mary Tongue. His parents and family life impacted greatly on his view of the world, distorting it from the views of the norm of the times. John senior was also a poet, and published several volumes of poetry. John junior went to school at Sydney grammar school, and was just 15 when his father died in 1886. John moved on to study at the University of Sydney, and graduated with a bachelor of Arts in 1894.John was the editor of many newspapers, including his school paper, as well as the university paper: Hermes, and after 1890, John was a regular contributor to the Sydney quarterly magazine. Through his press ties, his poetry and literature became better known than that of most poets of the era. John produced his first poetry anthology in 1896, titled: the song of brotherhood and other verses. John produ ced another anthology in 1897 titled: sweetheart mine: lyrics of love and friendship. The year 1900 saw John marry Winifred Odd. In 1902, John returned to the university of Sydney, as the librarian’s assistant.He was known among the students and staff at the university to defy the way of the time by never wearing a top hat. In 1908, john published his 3rd volume of poetry titled: sea and sky. Another volume followed after the first world war, in 1919, titled: the Burning Marl. 2 years after releasing his fourth volume, he was appointed professor of English at the University of Sydney. John produced his final volume: Swags up! In 1928, and produced a series of autobiographical essays in 1930. In 1993 John went on holiday in Tamworth, and died there whilst still on holiday. John died friends with more widely known poets such as Henry Lawson.John’s wife and 4 children all survived him. Anthology ANZAC Within my heart I hear the cry Of loves that suffer, souls that die, An d you may have no praise from me For warfare’s vast vulgarity; Only the flag of love, unfurled For peace above a weeping world, I follow, though the fiery breath Of murder shrivel me in death. Yet here I stand and bow my head To those whom other banners led, Because within their hearts the clang Of Freedom’s summoning trumpets rang, Because they welcomed grisly pain And laughed at prudence, mocked at gain, With noble hope and courage high, And taught our manhood how to die.Praise, praise and love be theirs who came From that red hell of stench and flame, Staggering, bloody, sick, but still Strong with indomitable will, Happy because, in gloomiest night, Their own hearts drummed them to the fight. I chose the poem ANZAC because of it’s descriptive language, truth, and it’s use of the harsh reality of war, while not glorifying war in any way. The Poet uses a mixture of descriptive text, rhyming words and rhythm to display his views on World War 1. His use o f scary and uncomfortable words really reflect this message that war is a sick and gruesome place.Toby Hey, Toby, Toby, Toby! —Dead? The silence is a flood That closes, choking, overhead, And chills the living blood. The leaping friend, whose jolly bark Was greeting every night, No more to thrill the summer dark With welcome of delight? Beside his grave I bend the knee, And O, my eyes are dim. He hunted for the dog in me: I found the man in him. Swags Up! Swags up! and yet I turn upon the way. The yellow hill against a dapple sky, With tufts and clumps of thorn, the bush whereby All through the wonder-pregnant night I lay Until the silver stars were merged in greyOur fragrant camp, demand a parting sigh: New tracks, new camps, and hearts for ever high, Yet brief regret with every welcome day. Dear dreamy earth, receding flickering lamp, Dear dust wherein I found this night a home, Still for a memory’s sake I turn and cling, Then take the road for many a distant camp, A mong what hills, by what pale whispering foam, With eager faith for ever wandering. The Patriot The patriot from his walls of brass Is singing loudly as I pass; With fearless heart and open eyes, He shouts the ancient battle cries; And, where I pause to hear him sing, A silent crowd is listening.My country, God bestows by thee The glory of the world to be The glory thou alone canst give To last amid things fugitive. My country, an ideal form I see thee splendid in the storm, Directress of the power divine That makes the expectant future thine. My country, all the world shall bow Before thy peace-conceiving brow, And all the peoples humbly stand Submissive to thy blessing hand. My country, yea, the foes who raise A tyrant flag shall learn to praise Thy steadfast love that dares to fight The horde of Satan for the right. My country, loveliest, strongest, best, Thou hast a mission to the rest,And greater wealth and love shall be The guerdon of thy ministry. In every land I hear him sin g; In every land I see him fling His country’s flag against the skies And gaze aloft with dazzled eyes; And then his loud applause rings roundAnalysis of â€Å"Toby† The poem: Toby is a poem that was written about the death of John’s dog. the poem begins in the Poet’s point of view, calling out the dog’s name, and finding him and realising he is dead. The use of descriptive and cold language engages the reader, and helps us to embrace the feelings that the poet is trying to force upon us.The nature of the poem encourages readers to think back on times that we may have lost a close or loved person, and the poem is both a metaphor and true. the second paragraph of the poem is centered around the sinking in of the fact that one of his closest companions was dead, and that there was now an emptiness in his heart, and silence in the house. Toby’s bark used to fill the house of noise when ever John came home from work, but now he is greeted by an empty house, and the memory of what a great companion Toby was. John uses language and emotions to make the readers feel a touch sad, and to bring our minds into his perspective.The third paragraph of the poem takes us on an emotional roller coaster while John reminisces over what a good mate Toby was for him, his loyalty and how he was always there for John. The third paragraph ends with John coming back to reality, and remembering that Toby is no longer there to greet him after a long day’s work. The nature of the last sentence of the paragraph is almost distraught, and the readers can almost feel John’s pain through his clever use of descriptive and emotive text. The final paragraph is a sense of closure for the poem, poet and readers.John lays Toby to his final resting place, and realises that Toby was the greatest companion that he has had, and they spent their time together trying to find the similarities, even though John was a man, and Toby was a dog, and John definitely found the man in Toby, whilst Toby spent his time trying to find out how dog-like John really was. The poem ends with a sense of happiness, as the poet seems to admit to the loss of his friend, and closes with the fact that Toby really was a man, as he is caring, kind, and always there for his mates, no matter what is going on.Bibliography Poetrylibrary. edu. au Brereton, John Le Gay – Poet – Australian Poetry Library Poetrylibrary. edu. au (n. d. ) Brereton, John Le Gay – Poet – Australian Poetry Library. [online] Available at: http://www. poetrylibrary. edu. au/poets/brereton-john-le-gay [Accessed: 24 Sep 2012]. En. wikipedia. org John Le Gay Brereton – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia En. wikipedia. org (2012) John Le Gay Brereton – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [online] Available at: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/John_Le_Gay_Brereton [Accessed: 24 Sep 2012].

Corporate Law Article Reviews †Essay

Corporate Law Article Reviews – Essay Free Online Research Papers Corporate Law Article Reviews Essay A) i) As mention in the Articles of Association (AA) of Fastdollar Limited, a director should obtain the approval from the Board of Directors before binding the company to any contract exceeding the value of HK$250,000. However, in this case, one of the directors, Albert, signed a contract on behalf of the company that exceeding the amount mentioned in the AA without consulting the other directors of the company. Therefore, the internal company procedure had not been completed before Albert signed the contract. By applying the Turquand’s rule, the contract is still valid and legally bound to the company. In Royal British Bank v. Turquand (1856) 6E. B. 327 , the company issued a bond under seal, but the articles said that ordinary resolution should be obtained and the board of director did not fulfill this requirement. The court held that the contract was valid as the outsider would not be expected to know of the irregularity. They could assume that all the internal regulations had properly carried out. In this case, since the Megacomputer is an outsider, it should not know that the internal procedure of the company and so Turquand’s rule can be applied. The contract is valid and legally bound to the company. However, the company can then sue the director in breach of AA since AA is a statutory contract between the company and director which limiting the power of the director. T he company can claim for damages that is the different between the value of the contract and the allowed value stated in AA. A) ii) Belinda, as a shareholder, according to the rule established in the case Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd(1897) AC 22, (1985-9) All ER Rep 33 , is a separate legal entity to the company. Debts of the company are separate to those of Belinda. Therefore, she is not personally liable to the contract with Megacomputer. Under Section 157B (1), a company can remove a director by ordinary resolution. As a director, she may call a general meeting and give a 14 days’ notice of the proposed resolution to all the shareholders. As a shareholder, she has voting right in general meeting and can either ratify the action of Albert or remove him. If there is more than 50% of the members agree to remove Albert, an ordinary resolution is passed and Albert will be no longer the director. B) i) In this case, since the company made no profit and what had distributed as dividends to the shareholder before was not the distributable fund and this was unlawful. In the AA (Table A) of the company, art 117 provides that no dividend shall be paid otherwise than out of profits. Also, in section 79B, it provides that a companys profits available for distribution are its accumulated realized profits less its accumulated realized losses . In this case, it is obvious that other funds of the company was wrongly used for dividend purposes as there was no profit available for distribution, s 79M makes all shareholders who knows or has reasonable grounds for believing that it was paid out of undistributable funds, are liable to repay it to the company . Therefore, in this case, the members should repay the dividend they received. B) ii) The auditors will be liable to their client in both contract and tort if they act in breach of their duty of care. Under s 5 of the Supply of Services ordinance Cap. 457, an auditor will owe an implied contractual duty to do his work with reasonable skill and care. The degree of care and skill depends upon the circumstance of each case and an auditor is a watchdog rather than a detective. He does not guarantee that the book give the true picture of the company’s affair . In Re Thomas Gerrard Sons Ltd. (1968) Ch.455, it shows that the standard applied to the auditor is of the careful and competent auditor who will exercise reasonable skill . In this case, Fastdollars can either choose to sue in contract or in tort which is the most benefits it. Both actions are objective test. If the company sues in tort of negligence, the test of proximity is needed to show that the auditor knew that the shareholders would rely on the audited reports for taking out large mortgages to buy of n ew flats. Besides, the company must establish the existence of a duty and breach of the duty. A majority loss arises as a result of the breach is also necessary for suing auditor for negligence. In this case, the interest expense in the large mortgages may be the majority loss to the shareholders. However, if this was the problem of the company that causing an error in its account but not the auditor, and the auditor practiced with reasonable skill and care, company cannot sue the auditor as the auditor can rely on the company when there is no ground to arise reasonable suspicion. B) iii) Under s 131 (6), a company can remove an auditor from office at any time by passing an ordinary resolution . If the directors propose to remove the auditors, they may call a general meeting and give 14 days’ notice to all the members. However, if the shareholders of the company propose to do so, a special notice is required under s 132 (1). The members must give the notice at least 28 days before the meeting and the company must then give the members at least 21 days’ notice of the resolution. In s131 (5), it provided that when there is a vacancy arises due to removal of the auditors before the expiration of his term of office, the directors or the company can make an appointment in a general meeting to fill the vacancy. Special notice is required for a resolution at general meeting to fill a causal vacancy. C) a) Donald is the shareholder, director and also the company secretary. As a director, he can call a general meeting and give a 14 days’ notice of proposed resolution to all the shareholders. According to Section 157B (1), a company can remove a director by ordinary resolution. As a shareholder, he has voting right in the general meeting. If Albert, Belinda, and Donald all agree to remove Charles, an ordinary resolution is passed and Donald will be no longer the director. C) b) There are several duties that a director is owned to the company. They are fiduciary duties, duties of skill and care, duty to act in good faith for the benefit of the company, duty for exercise their power for proper purpose and duty to avoid a conflict of interest. In this case, Charles, as a director of Fastdollar, he owned a clothing design studio. As we are difficult to find sufficient evidence to prove that the two companies are competing businesses, the company cannot sue him in breach of conflict of interest. As mentioned in this case, other directors considered that Charles was not wholeheartedly committed to the company and he was sometime absent in board meeting, but only these evidences were insufficient to show he is in breach of the director duty. Therefore, in the company’s position, it cannot sue Charles as there is no sufficient evidence to show that he is in breach of director duty. What the company may do is to remove him. Under Section 157B (1), a company m ay by ordinary resolution remove a director. An extraordinary general meeting is convened and a notice of 14 days is given to all the members of the company. If more than half of the shareholders agreed to remove Charles, that is an ordinary resolution is passed, Charles will be no longer the director of this company. C) c) The company can buy back its shares. As mentioned in ss. 49I-O, it permits a private company with authority in its articles, to buy back its shares otherwise than out of its distributable profits or the proceeds of a fresh issue, that is buy back out of capital . In this case, the company can only buy back its shares out of capital as they made no profit, and this is what allowed in AA. Sequences of procedures are provided for a private company that purchases its shares out of capital. First of all, the payment out of capital must be approved by special resolution and the payment out of capital must be made between five and seven weeks after the date of the resolution. Then, a statutory declaration must be made by directors that specifying the permissible capital payment. The statutory declaration must be accomplished by an auditor’s report. Within a week after the date of resolution the company must publish a notice in the Gazette stating that a) the company has approved the payment for the purpose of buying back its own shares, b) the amount of the permissible capital payment and the date of special resolution, c) that the directors’ statement and auditors’ report are available for inspection at the company’s registered office, d) any creditors may within five weeks following the resolution apply to the court to stop the payment . Research Papers on Corporate Law Article Reviews - EssayMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanTwilight of the UAWComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaLifes What IfsThe Project Managment Office SystemThe Fifth HorsemanWhere Wild and West MeetMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

Join or Die essays

Join or Die essays " ...Do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states..." These words, taken from the Declaration of Independence, exhibit a united and strong force from a people ready and willing to fight to be untied as individuals and as a country. The Declaration plainly exhibits that the people of the United States want to be and are united, which twenty years prior, was not as clear. In 1754, Benjamin Franklin illustrated the need for a group of united states in his cartoon, titled "Join or Die." This cartoon shows a nation unsure of what they want and where they are going. In 1754, the French and Indian War was threatening several of the colonies and their livelihood. The conflict between the British and the French posed a great threat to the colonies. Individually, the colonies were weak and susuptiable to attack. As this war approached, the colonists faced the decision as to come together as one united government. If they did band together, they would benefit by working with all their resources controlled by a central government. An active man in the American Revolution, Benjamin Franklin, created a cartoon that brings up the specific issue of unity between the colonies, which, would, 20 years later, form a country based on the notion of unity, The United States. The cartoon that he created consists of a snake divided into 8(one part for each colony that existed at the time) clearly independent pieces, and underneath the snake, Franklin wrote the words Join or Die. In this cartoon, Franklin effectively displays his feelings towards the issues surrounding the colonies at that time. During this time, a familiar myth was that a snake that was cute-up, or separated, that was reassembled before sundown would come back to life. By using a cut-up snake to represent the colonies, Fran...

The rights-based approach and carbon taxes in Australia Assignment

The rights-based approach and carbon taxes in Australia - Assignment Example The concept finds its roots in the United Nations, and is predicated on the theory that â€Å"human rights determine the relationship between individuals and groups with valid claims (rightsholders) and State and non-state actors with correlative obligations (duty-bearers).† (UNICEF, 2004: 92). Its adoption by the United Nations as the framework by which its pursues its interventions is significant, in that it heralds a shift from a needs-based approach, i.e., looking at what people need, to looking at what people have an absolute inalienable right to, by virtue of being human. (Alston, 2003: 7). A rights-based approach imposes a duty on the State to uphold this right as a function of the social contract, whereas a â€Å"need-based† approach may not necessarily so. Central therefore to the RBA is the re-emergence of the state and governance as a central element in development (Baxi, 2005: 2), through a focus on the interrelation between the state and its citizens in ter ms of duties and rights. (Boesen and Martin, 2007: 9). We now proceed to looking at the carbon tax issue, a controversial issue that has been the subject of much controversy and debate in Australia. The carbon tax is basically a levy that the government intends to impose on corporations that release carbon into the atmosphere. According to Nielson (2010: 7), â€Å"in theory, environmentally related taxes should be set at a level equal to the external environmental cost of a particular product or activity.† Essentially, this means that the cost to the environment is computed into the cost of manufacturing a commodity so as to create disincentives for â€Å"dirty companies† using environmentally-unsustainable technologies.... The RBA presupposes a social contract between the rights claim-holders and the state that has a duty to uphold these rights. Amartya Sen (1999) is a key thinker in this philosophy of â€Å"entitlements† – human beings have inalienable rights to demand from the state all that he or she needs to be enhance his or her capabilities. In a sense, the RBA places a special bias on the poor and the marginalized, upon the recognition that it is them whose rights are the most vulnerable. To quote, â€Å"The underlying structural, social and political drivers of poverty, vulnerability and inequality have to be addressed in the context of a broad development strategy, in which social protection plays an important part. (van Ginneken, 2011: 3). What does this have to do with carbon taxes? The obligation of the state in this case is the obligation to maintain and promote a clean and healthy environment for its constituents. Study after study have demonstrated that climate change will affect the poor and the ordinary wage-earners the most (see for example, McGuigan, et. al., 2002) and hence, the state has a duty to protect them and ensure the sustainability of the environment and the availability of natural resources for generations to come. The rate of pollution being emitted in the atmosphere has debilitating effects on water sanitation, agriculture, etc. When resources are scarce, the prices of the resources or the commodities made from these resources jack up – and these fluctuations in prices affect the most vulnerable in society. Hence, there is no denying that ordinary people are compromised the most by climate change – ordinary people who have inalienable rights to live healthily and raise their

Reasearch Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Reasearch - Research Paper Example Diffusion can lead to changes in cultural practices, which will eventually influence spatial distribution. Cultural is the accepted way of life within a particular group of people. It includes food, clothing, practices and beliefs. Currently, the world is full of many different cultures. However, the dominant cultures trace their origins in cultural hearths. Seven locations have been identified as the point of origin for the dominant cultures in the world (Blij et al, 2011). These locations include the Nile River Valley, Indus River valley, Wei-Huang Valley, Ganges River Valley, Andean, Mesopotamia, and West Africa. It is the cradle of Chinese civilization. The valley is where the earliest Chinese irrigation works started. The capital of Chinese major dynasties like Qin, Zhou, Tang and Han were found along this valley. Trade in the valley began in the form of barter trade, which eventually developed as innovation gained ground. It is believed that the Wei River is the ancient Jiang River, which is associated with the early development of agriculture (Pitzl, 2004). The Nile is a critical component of both ancient and modern Egypt. The Nile River is the longest river in the world; it flows from the mountains to the Mediterranean. The river has been responsible for supporting many lives for thousands of years. It has shaped many cultures in the region. The earliest forms of civilization in Egypt are associated with the Nile. The river made agriculture possible, which is the reason ancient Egypt was able to make strides in civilization. The Nile River valley is where the Egyptian culture flourished. It is responsible for the development of Kingdoms of West Africa. Agricultural breakthroughs were made by these kingdoms. The development in this area was influenced by the breakthroughs experienced by the people Southeast Asia and the Nile valley. It had agricultural communities its northern part by

Review of Movie 'Inside Job' Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Of 'Inside Job' - Movie Review Example Loan companies and banks became more free to gamble with the money of the depositors, borrow much more money and to offer the investors highly complex financial structures. They offered financial instruments which had streams of income from different bundled up debts this included the high interest home loans that the high risk borrowers were offered. Theses sub-prime markets offered abnormally high returns. A legal analysis of the film documents the fraud perpetrated by investment banks and their role in causing the 2008 global financial meltdown (Ferguson). Fraud refers to a false representation of a factual matter whether by conduct or words, by misleading or false allegations or by hiding of what should have been revealed. Fraud is prevalent in the buying or selling of intangible property such as stocks, copyrights, and bonds. Fraud is proved though five stages; a falsified statement of a material fact. Secondly, the knowledge on the defendants part that the statement is untrue. Third, intent on the defendant’s part to deceive the victim. Fourth, the victim’s justifiable reliance on the falsified statement and the final stage is injury to the victim. The film ‘inside job’ reveals instances of Fraud as discussed in the paragraph below. The film ‘inside job’ reveals that Goldman Sachs, an investment company, was guilty of fraud. The company recommended their customers to go for the Timberwolf mortgages claiming that they were backed with securities. They highly recommended the customers to take the deal yet they aware of the loopholes. They secretly discussed that Timberwolf was a lame deal but this was after they sold the securities to them. When selling the securities they lied about the expected performances and the securities and failed to disclose and provide accurate and timely information about the real value of the said securities. The company was betting against

Toyota Motor Corporation Essay Example for Free

Toyota Motor Corporation Essay In a business organization, the organization is composed of systems that concentrate on overall efficiency. A systems approach is essential whenever something is being designed, redesigned, implemented, improved, or otherwise changed. It is important to take into account the impact on all parts of the system. Consider owning and operating an automobile. It has many parts and systems that can malfunction; some of these are critical. The automobile would not function or would be dangerous to operate without them. The Toyota Company seemed to have missed the importance of the impact on all parts a system as they came under scrutiny with the largest recall of vehicles in the United States in 2009-2010. These recalls were triggered by a car collision in August 2009 that took the lives of four people. This assignment will look at what barriers caused the systems to fail within the Toyota Company that subsequently changed the attitudes of their consumers and their trust towards Toyota. Toyota Motor Corporation The Toyota Motor Corporation was established in 1933 as a division of Toyoda Automatic Loom Works under the direction of Kiichiro Toyoda. In 1934, the company produced its first Type A engine at the encouragement of the Japanese government, and two years later the company produced its first passenger car, the Toyota AA and in 1937 was established as an independent company. In 1957 Toyota established its first sales, marketing, and distribution subsidiary in the U.S., called Toyota Motor Sales Inc. In 1982, Toyota Motor Corporation formed a joint venture with General Motors, called New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. and began production in the U.S. in 1988 establishing new brands for this market. In 2009, Toyota employed more than 8,900 people and supervised 14 regional offices throughout the 50 states. Toyota produced 5.2 million cars in 58 production sites in 2000, and by 2009 they had the capacity to produce 10 million cars and had added 17 production sites. Toyota had added the capacity of a Chrysler-sized company. (Greto et al., 2010). In January 2010, Toyota suspended sales of eight recalled vehicle models to fix accelerator pedals with mechanical problems that could cause them to become stuck. In December 2012, Toyota announced an agreement worth more than $1,000 million to settle a lawsuit involving unintended acceleration in some of its vehicles (Slobe, 2010) Existing Processes According to Greto et al.(2010) the Toyota company incorporated a philosophy known as the Toyota Way. This set of principles was to bring about approaches that called for continuous improvement, which encouraged teamwork, respect, and value for people. The Toyota Way was to encourage employees to strive for perfection. Another key process to mention is the Toyota Production System (TPS). It was designed to remove all unnecessary waste from the production and manufacturing process. More than just waste avoidance, it aimed to eliminate any excess interruption, misalignment, unnecessary work, or redundancies in the production process that add no value to customers. Specifically, TPS addressed seven kinds of waste: overproduction, operator motion, waiting, conveyance, self-processing, inventory, and correction (rework and scrap). Through TPS, Toyota had been able to significantly reduce lead-time and production costs (p 4). Importance to Toyota These processes both posed of great importance to the Toyota Company because when you value and respect your employees and external constituents it brings about a level of trust and cohesiveness in the work place and your company gains loyalty from the customers. When everyone is operating as a team, any challenges that exist are met with courage and this creates a level of motivation within the company to bring about improvement. In regards to the having a production system that will bring to the forefront at the onset any issues, it eliminates wasted time, production costs, and manpower. It builds a foundation to where employees are reliable where they embrace the philosophy of quality at the start. It also creates a learning environment where leaders who carefully understand the philosophy, will teach it to others. This grows the company and builds it up for success. Scope: Breadth of its reach The scope of its reach can be throughout the global market. Not only within the automobile industry but because Toyota diversified into several nonautomotive businesses, it can also affect industries in aerospace, higher education, robotics, finance, and agricultural biotechnology (Greto et al., 2010). Parties involved: customers as well as internal and external suppliers. When there is a breakdown in these processes, it impacts the employees and all external stakeholders. For example, when a breakdown occurred in the lines of communication between the Japan and U.S. offices, in responding to the issues with the faulty accelerators, not only was customers affected, stockholders were affected. When the reputation of a company is tarnished, it affects the stockholders and they stand to lose money they invested in the company. Supply vendors are also affected when these processes breakdown because they lose business as well. Competitors can also be positively affected by this. They gain the customers who choose to no longer do business with Toyota. Priority: the timeliness or urgency. Timeliness is important to any business as this attributes to the quality of service a company provides customers, to employee concerns, matters concerning supply vendors and stock holders to name a few. Toyota did not readily address the concerns of their customers initially until it became more in the public eye. This takes away from the value of the company and it certainly affected customer loyalty and satisfaction to say the least. The company stock value went down and it suffered millions of dollars in lost. Timeliness is certainly a priority for any business. Overall impact or benefits of improvement to Toyota The overall impact for Toyota led to someone dying while driving a faulty vehicle therefore all the millions of dollars they were fined still does not make up for the loss of a person’s life. This goes down in Toyota’s history book as it cost them their reputation. The benefit is that can take place is to push management to take a look at their overall company operations and break down the areas that need improvements; identify additional defects and restructure their operational systems. If changes are to occur, Toyota has the opportunity to make changes, manufacture more innovative vehicles, and create initiatives that involves the communities they do business with as a way to build trust and their reputation. Cost to Toyota if the process is not improved The cost to Toyota if these processes are not improved could mean failure with a loss of market. The business can go bankrupt; offices close down, excessive inventory, stock price decreases, and employee layoffs that add to the unemployment rate.

Dynamics of Modernity: Berman Canclini

Dynamics of Modernity: Berman Canclini Compare and contrast Marshall Bermans and Nestor Garcia Canclinis account of the dynamics of Modernity To be modern is to live a life of paradox and contradiction. It is to be overpowered by the immense bureaucratic organizations that have the power to control and often to destroy all communities, values, lives; and yet to be undeterred in our determination to face these forces, to fight to change their world and make it our own. (Berman:1983:13-14) Modernity has long been hailed as one of the most powerful forces to have emerged in the world, with the capacity, according to Marx, to move mountains, and to ensure that all that is solid melts into air. Within the statement by Berman that begins this essay, we can see one of the dynamics that has created this impression. Modernity, despite its deeper roots, begins to be talked about by a series of thinkers who combine a high degree of abstraction with a imperative to act. Thus Marx argues for huge motors of historical telos that exist outside of our will, and at the same time argues for an immanent need to change historical conditions. This relationship between abstraction and concreteness is perhaps the most fundamental dynamic of modernity. It gives rise to the planned economies of communism, and the controlled biopower of modern states that Foucault (1998) talks about, which attempt to rule over the function of life itself. At the same time is gives rise to what Badiou (2005:12 ) calls the passion for the real; the search for an authentic existence in the absence of the certainties with which previous epochs lived. What is crucial about these two movements is the way in which they inflect each other. The idea of authentic will becomes possible only with the collapse of grand narratives and the rise of administered life, and the administered life then uses the same notion of self-fulfilment within consumerism to further be able to administer biopower. It is this covalence that is fundamental to modernity, and which this essay will argue is entirely misunderstood by Berman. One of the reasons for this is that, as Braudel (1995:14) notes, â€Å"each civilisation tends to overestimate its own objectivity.† Likewise, each age tends to see itself as more unique than the last. However, this is particularly a problem with the period called modernity because during this period it was thought reason could break with the past, and a utopia of the state was possible. We can see this legacy in both the Communist economies and in the artistic movements such as Marinettis futurism, which had as its mot to: â€Å"make it new.† It is precisely this trap that Berman falls into: confusing the ideas of modernity with the effects of modernisation. In fact, Bermans fetishished notions of will and authenticity, played out in the ahistorical telos of his modernist planar development, resemble nothing as much as a 19c treatise on the movement of history. Perhaps part of the reason for this is the combination of Bermans European sources with his background in the strong individualist tradition of American pragmatism, as we can see in his first book (1970). Canclini stands just south of Berman, but from the perspective of Mexico, modernity is a not a finished project to be talked about nostalgically in the way Berman does. Because this project is unfinished, Canclini is much better placed to understand the complex and intertwined relationship between what is constructed as tradition and what is constructed as modernity. His notion of hybridity, placed in the context of a heavy reliance on Gramscis theory of hegemony, allows one to understand that supreme category of modernity: tradition. For instance, Canclini notes (1995a:53) that there is no clear line between popular and hegemonic culture, because (ibid:75) peasant culture is necessary for capitalism as a symbol of national identity and because (ibid:83) it offers the construction o f a hegemony through the management of cultural fragmentation.† Thus modernity can be seen here as a hybrid form whereby old identities are mobilised rather than changed and uprooted. Canclini understands that modernity, if it means anything, means a change in underlying structure rather than the type of cultural universalism which lies as the undertone of the work of Berman. This essay will consider how Berman sets up the dynamics of modernity within this ahistorical schema, and argue, as previously alluded to, that he misses the important aspects of the relation. It will also be argued that Canclini, within his much more modest project, understands the underlying dynamics of the abstract and the concrete to a far greater degree. Perhaps Bermans problems begin with his tripartite division of modernity into modernity, modernisation and the modern, without every looking at how these categories are mutually constitutive of each other. Modernity, Berman explains is (1983:15): â€Å"a mode of vital experience – experience of space and time, of the self and others, of lifes possibilities and perils.† Bermans book is more of an evocation than a scholarly argument, but nonetheless is seems pertinent to insist on some evidence for such a claim: did other ages not experience space and time? The problem here is not simply that Bermans generalisations do not tell us anything about modernity, but that they conceal the real dynamics of the process. For instance, Berman often insists on the sense of newness, of authentic experience, within modernity. Yet understood as what Berman construes it to be, the sense of the new is not an experience particular to modernity at all. What is important here about the dynam ics of modernity is the way in which the experience of the new, what Berman calls modernity, is an essential part of the process of modernisation. This has been argued well by one of Bermans claimed inspirations, Walter Benjamin, whose Arcades Project (2002) traces the way in which a sense of wonder was used to create the consumer sensibility. This is also laid out in the work of Canclini, who chronicles the powerful political effect created by constructing modernity as something to come – around which one can mobilise people towards new identities and on new political projects. However, this is a discursive effect, rather than a fundamentally new ontological possibility for the modern subject, and Berman asserts the latter as a property of the former without giving a single argument. Instead, Berman (1983:15) gives us evocation and adjective, one strung after the other. The underlying dynamic of modernity for him is: â€Å"modernity is a paradoxical unity, a unity of disunity: it pours us all into a maelstrom of perpetual disintegration, of struggle and contradiction, of ambiguity and anguish.† Underlying all this purple prose is Marxs statement, that inspires the books title, that all that is solid melts into air. Yet what Marx is talking about is the ability of capital to undermine use-value and create a world of people alienated from their labour and extracted of surplus value. Now one can take issue with Marxs account, (as Baudrillard (1983) most usefully does by pointing out that use-value is also a fetishisation, this time of authenticity, and that the original alienation occurs with the construction of value) but what he draws attention to is the way people see the imaginaries of capitalism as real: capital is perceived by people in Marx as somethin g actually existing, rather than a maelstrom of perpetual disintegration. Here, Berman fails to give proper account of why he diverges from Marx. What can we salvage from Bermans account of the dynamics of modernity? It is true to say that the political subject in modernity was thought of as massively flexible and capable of continual reinvention. Though it must be added that this notion has much broader historical roots that Berman gives credit for: one can already see it in Machiavellis (2004) notion that people are capable of masking their intentions and this constitutes the basis for politics. However, this continual possibility for reinvention led to some of the most firm sets of continuities the world has seen for some time: the idea of class war, the tradition of the French bourgeoisie, and the modern state. Berman writes off in a few lines most of the great thinkers who have analysed this mutually constitutive relationships, Adorno here meriting a line. Canclini, in contrast, is alert to the way the supposed newness of modernity function to preserve power, and in his account of modernity in Mexico draws attention to th e the way newness is made a continuity of ritual and hegemonic power. Berman then separates out modernization as the social process that brings this maelstrom into being. In doing so he outlines some clear divisions between the phases of modernity. These phases resemble nothing so much as the clear evolutionary steps of early modern thinkers like Morgan. In doing so he makes a mockery of the patient work of people like Arrighi (1994), who have worked to uncover all the continuities that exist between different periods. Furthermore, his account is not even internally consistent. There is insufficient clarity in his work as to the difference between the 19C and 20C: Pushkin and Biely are made manifestations of the same movement, despite the widely different impulses that inform their work. What Canclinis work manages to do very well is to understand the way in which modernity, more than any other epoch (for it is the epoch of men who make history themselves without reliance on religious narratives) is complicit in its own construction of history. He trac es the way in which history is used as a political tool, and that the function of the type of planar divisions Berman uses is to extract a continuity from a succession. Which is to say that such divisions function as a political tool to extract a notion of destiny and objective inevitability from a history which is contingent and uncertain. Bermans one-sided and simplistic reading of modernity reaches its apex in his account of the American city. His account is a one sided view of power, as if Le Corbusier had artfully created American cities and all the modern man needed to do was stand up against this bloody tyrant. Canclini (1995b: 743-755) charts the way in which the modern man is complicit in the spaces that he builds, and that the solution is to problems of alienation that occur in such spaces is not some type of revolt by a careful reworking of the practices and delimitations of space that occur in the city. It is working through the very dynamics of modernity that one resolves its problems, and to do so requires an understanding of their complex inter-relation. Such an understanding is accurately posed by Jameson (1992:335) in his understanding of how it was the very construction of space in Los Angeles that led to the possibility of that constructions overthrowing. Furthermore, Berman misunderstands how contest ed Le Corbusier is in architectural theory. He fails to see the varying currents that inform modernity and that produced a diverse and heterogeneous formation of space, even within Le Corbusiers own school (Rabinow: 1991). Theoretically, he also fails to see what De Certeau (2002:19) has persuasively argued for, which is that it was the very relationship of time and space in modernity that leads states to forget the possibility of space. He argues that the spatial organisation laid out by the modern state was predicated on a notion of time as mode of organisation (e.g. wage labour) and a possibility of reinvention which necessarily allowed the particularities of space (as somewhere one has a proper place and a tradition that cannot be reinvented) to left to the people. Thus the conditions for contesting the state in modernity emerges from the intertwining of the micro and macro processes. These complex processes are ignored by Berman, because he is looking for a will-to-power to set against what he sees as the large bureaucratic structures of modernity. This is why he is so against Foucault, who attempts to set out the co-relation between these things. In attempting to find human creativity outside of any sort of system (though without offering any kind of rigorous account of how that might be achieved) he gives to much credit to bureaucratic systems. Canclini, in understanding how the four divisions of modernity he sets out (the rationalising, renovating, emancipatory and democratising projects) are frequently in conflict and lead to a conflicting and contested legacy, is in a much better position to understand. Ultimately, Bermans work seems as if it was written with a long nostalgia to badly understood 19C authors. He uses a notion of freedom as fetishised will (where he deploys what one could reasonably call a notion at all) without understanding that the development of modernity has destroyed this very category. As Zizek (1999:389) artfully pointed out it is the search for the real, for fetishised will, that, when not placed in a grand narrative, ends up in indulging in its simulacrum; the real emptied of risk. Likewise, it is the bureaucratic form of government that has led to the globalisation and decentralisation of its own form. These processes are ignored by Berman, who sees modernity as a universalism, even if a contradictory one, issuing like a new beacon of hope from a centre in Europe. Canclini understands modernity as a hybrid formation that cannot be tied to Europe, and has begun to chart the complex ways that modernity brings to bear on itself, and construct it own legacy. Bibliography Arrighi, G. 1994: The Long Twentieth Century. London: Verso. Badiou, A. 2005: La Sià ¨cle. Paris: Seuil. Baudrillard, J. 1983: For a Critique of the Political Economy of the Sign. London: Telos. Benjamin, W. 2002: The Arcades Project. Harvard: HUP. Berman, M. 1983: All that is Solid Melts into Air: Experiences of Modernity. London: Verso. Berman, M. 1970: The Politics of Authenticity: Radical Individualism and the Emergence of Modern Society. New York: MacMillan. Braudel, F. 1995: A History of Civilisations. London: Penguin. Canclini, N. G. 1995a: Hybrid Cultures: Strategies for Entering and Leaving Modernity. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. Canclini, N. 1995B: Mexico: Cultural Globalization in a disintegrating city. American Ethnologist. Vol. 22, No. 4: pp. 743-755. de Certeau, M. 2002: The Practice of Everyday Life. Berkeley: UCP. Foucault, M. 1998: The History of Sexuality: The Will to Knowledge. London: Penguin. Jameson, F. 1992: Postmodernism: Or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. London: Verso. Machiavelli, N. 2004: The Prince. Oxford: OUP. Rabinow, P. 1991: French Modern: Norms and Forms of the Social Environment. Mass: MIT. Zizek, S. 1999: The Ticklish Subject: The Absent Centre of Political Ontology. London: Verso.