Principles of Marketing Essay

 (Separation Learning) Semester Course Leader Office Location Phone Email Conference Hours : February 2014 : Normaziah Che Musa : FBIT, UNITAR International University, Level 12, Wing A, Tierra Crest, Jalan SS3/6, Kelana Jaya, 47301 Petaling Jaya, Selangor DE. : 03-7627 7265 : normaziah@unitar.my : Wednesday: 9.00 am †11.00 am and 3.00 pm †5.00 pm or on the other hand By Appointment Course Synopsis This course is intended to acquaint understudies with showcasing standards and practices. Accentuation will be set on showcasing with regards to the firm and society. The course content incorporates an investigation of the connection among promoting and society, nature and elements of showcasing, advertising the board forms, showcasing devices, the business sectors, and the shoppers. Course Objectives The fundamental objective of the course is to give a diagram of the essential standards basic current promoting hypothesis and practice. It will give members a comprehension of the examination that is vital for taking advertising choices, and the wide scope of variables (and connections of those components) that should be considered in the plan of a showcasing program. Understudies should leave away with this course with a comprehension of the advertising framework and its job inside the Malaysian economy and inside an individual firm by concentrating how items and administrations are arranged, evaluated, advanced, and circulated so as to fulfill consumers’ needs. Learning Outcomes Endless supply of the course, understudies ought to have the option to: ï‚ · characterize and apply information on the key advertising ideas. ï‚ · clarify how promoting choices are affected by condition, patterns and advancements. ï‚ · examine the variables impacting shopper conduct. ï‚ · talk about the manners by which item, estimating, place (circulation), and advancement influence promoting . ï‚ · compose a straightforward advertising plan. Required Materials ï‚ · Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (2012), Principles of Marketing, fourteenth Edition, Pearson. Discretionary/Additional Materials ï‚ · ï‚ · Nor Khalidah Abu and Yusniza Kamarulzaman (2013). Oxford Revision Series: Principles of Marketing, (second ed), Oxford University Press, Shah Alam. Sheep, C.W., Hair, J.F. and McDaniel, C. (2012). Fundamentals of Marketing, seventh ed., South-Western CENGAGAE Learning, USA. Course Assessment Coursework (Assignments/Group Project) : 40% Gatherings Last Examination : : 10% half All out 100% Course Requirements and Policies ï‚ · Participation Participation will be taken. Understudies are relied upon to go up to class on time as to keep away from aggravations and being late for taking an interest in the class conversations. Participation arrangement will be founded on strategies expressed in the university’s Academic Regulation. ï‚ · Class Participation Understudies are urged to partake as a significant part of the taking in will originate from conversation during class. It is normal that you switch off your hand telephone! â€Å"SMSing† is completely restricted! During class, you might be required to join as members in showcasing research ventures. Kindly dress sufficiently and suitably (as indicated by university’s clothing regulations) when going to classes. ï‚ · Gathering ventures and Assignments There will be bunch activities and assignments. For bunch venture, work along with your gathering individuals and toward the finish of the venture your gathering individuals will evaluate your commitment to the undertaking. You are relied upon to do a gathering introduction before accommodation of composed duplicate during the semester. Assignments will be transferred in UNIEC. In class assignments must be submitted on the predetermined date else you might be punished for late accommodation. On the off chance that you experience any issue to submit assignments on the particular date, you are required to educate the speaker inside 2 days regarding the predetermined date. For any sort composed assignments given, the organization of the paper ought to be as per the following: ï‚ § A spread page with your subtleties †Name, Student ID and Sections ( as enlisted in CMS) ï‚ § Font: Time New Roman , size 12 with 1.5 dividing ï‚ § Include a reference page for each task that you submitted. ï‚ · Gatherings Understudies are required to take an interest in ALL 3 gatherings posted by the Course Leader and imprints will be allocated dependent on the nature of the conversation. ï‚ · Getting to/Checking UNIEC Virtual It is most extreme significant for understudies to access and check their UNIEC Virtual for any updates and data relating to the course routinely all through the semester. Numbness is NO EXCUSE. Assessment Format Last assessment will be a three hours-assessment. The test will assess your degree of comprehension and information obtained in this course. The inquiry arrangements may comprise of various decision, genuine bogus, short articles, and case-based issues. Week Points Secured Review 1 2 3 4 Point 1: Showcasing: Overseeing Productive Client Relationship Point 2: The Showcasing Condition what's more, the Showcasing Data Point 3: Buyer Markets and Buyer Purchaser Conduct Points/Activities Comments/ Cutoff times Presentation. Class exercises: †Getting to know. †Overview obviously plan. Promoting: Managing Profitable Customer Relationship ï‚ · Definitions of promoting ï‚ · Basic ideas of promoting ï‚ · Evolutions of promoting ï‚ · Relationship promoting ï‚ · Marketing system and the advertising blend ï‚ · Marketing Challenges later on Peruse: ï‚ · Kotler: Chapter 1 ï‚ · Harley-Davidson case. Part see p158. Class exercises: ï‚ · Discuss perusing materials Topic 1 ï‚ · Discuss Harley Davidson work out. The Marketing Environment and Marketing Data ï‚ · Company’s Microenvironments ï‚ · Company’s Macroenvironments ï‚ · Marketing research process Peruse: Gathering 1 ï‚ · Kotler: Chapter 3 and 4 ï‚ · Real Marketing 4.2 ‘Tracking shoppers on the Web: Smart focusing on or a little creepy’. p 151 Class exercises: ï‚ · Discuss perusing materials Topic 2 ï‚ · Discuss ‘Prius: Leading a Wave of Hybrids’ case Shopper Markets and Business Market ï‚ § Consumer Buying Behavior ï‚ § Consumer Decision-production Process ï‚ § Factors Affecting Consumer Buying Behavior ï‚ § The Organizational Market ï‚ § The Organizational Buying Process ï‚ § Factors Affecting Organizational Buying Behavior Peruse: ï‚ · Kotler: Chapter 5 and 6 ï‚ · Real Marketing 5.2 ‘Lexus: Delighting Customers After the Sale to Keep Them Coming Back’, p 180. ï‚ · Real Marketing 6.2 ‘International Marketing Manners: When in Rome, Do as the Romans Do’, p 203. Class exercises: ï‚ · ï‚ · 5 Subject 4: Making Incentive To Target Clients Talk about perusing materials Topic 3 Talk about ‘Arabic Blackberry: Adapting to the language of the market’ Making Value To Target Customers ï‚ · Market Segmentation Bases ï‚ · Market Targeting ï‚ · Differentiation and Positioning Peruse: ï‚ · Kotler: Chapter 7 ï‚ · Real Marketing 7.2 ‘Dunkin’ Donuts: Positioning for the Average Joe’ p 235. Class exercises: ï‚ · Discuss perusing materials Topic 4 Item ï‚ · Levels and characterizations of item ï‚ · New item improvement ï‚ · Product life cycle stages ï‚ · Product and administration choices ï‚ · Service advertising 6 Subject 5: Item and Administrations Peruse: ï‚ · Kotler: Chapter 8 and 9 ï‚ · Chapter see ‘Customer-Driven Marketing Strategy’, p 214. ï‚ · Chapter see ‘New Product Development’, p 280. Industry Linkages: Submit Gathering Task 1 Class exercises: ï‚ · Discuss perusing materials Topic 5 ï‚ · Discuss ‘Britvic: Creating a brand flavor’ case, p 278. Item ï‚ · Levels and orders of item ï‚ · New item advancement ï‚ · Product life cycle stages ï‚ · Product and administration choices ï‚ · Service showcasing 7 Point 5: Item and Administrations Peruse: ï‚ · Kotler: Chapter 8 and 9 ï‚ · Chapter review ‘Customer-Driven Marketing Strategy’, p 214. ï‚ · Chapter review ‘New Product Development’, p 280. Class exercises: ï‚ · Discuss perusing materials Topic 5 ï‚ · Discuss ‘Britvic: Creating a brand flavor’ case, p 278. 8 9 MID SEMESTER BREAK Theme 6: Evaluating Evaluating ï‚ · Objective of Pricing ï‚ · Factors affecting cost ï‚ · Pricing methodologies and strategies Gathering 2 ï‚ · Uncommon estimating issues Peruse: ï‚ · Kotler: Chapter 10 and 11 ï‚ · Real Marketing 10.0 ‘Ryanair: Pricing low and Proud of it’, p 318. ï‚ · Real Marketing 10.2 ‘Pricing high and Proud of it’, p 325. ï‚ · Real promoting 11.1 ‘Pricing Dishonesty?’, p 342 10 Theme 7: Spot Class exercises: ï‚ · Discuss perusing materials Topic 6 ï‚ · Exercise Price Spot ï‚ · Marketing channel ï‚ · The significance of go-betweens ï‚ · Functions and exercises of promoting channel part ï‚ · Channel Design Decisions ï‚ · Marketing Logistics and Supply Chain Management ï‚ · The job of wholesaling ï‚ · Different kinds of distributer ï‚ · The job of retailing ï‚ · Different kinds of retail activities Gathering 3 Peruse: ï‚ · Kotler: Chapter 12 and 13 ï‚ · Chapter review ‘Marketing Channels’, p 360. ï‚ · Real Marketing 12.1 ‘Netflix: Disintermediator or disimtermediated?’ p 372 11 12 Theme 8: Advancement Theme 8: Advancement Class exercises: ï‚ · Discuss perusing materials Topic 7 ï‚ · Discuss ‘Zara: The Technology Giant of the design world†, p 390. Advancement ï‚ · Promotion Mix †Advertising, Public Relations, Personal Selling, Sales Advancement, Direct and Online Marketing ï‚ · Integrated M

Problems of Developing Countries in International Trade free essay sample

Issues of Developing Countries in International Trade Developing nations and exchange Introduction: International exchange is a significant wellspring of outside salary in practically all creating economies, these nations are alluded to as creating because of their low GDP level and they are confronted with elevated levels of neediness and joblessness, as indicated by David Ricardo and Adam smith worldwide exchange assumes an essential job in the improvement of an economy, the Mercantile hypothesis of advancement expresses that exchange prompted the abundance of country. This paper disk the different issues that the creating nations face in global exchange and their impact on the horticultural, modern and administration areas. A portion of these issues are outer while others are inside issue. Some outer issues remember rivalry for the worldwide market, levies and other exchange obstructions, required quality principles. Some inward issues incorporate significant expense of creation, duties of sources of info and  Problems looked by creating countries:There are different issues that creating nations face in universal exchange which will be talked about; this paper likewise gives potential answers for these issues of exchange. We will compose a custom paper test on Issues of Developing Countries in International Trade or on the other hand any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page A portion of the issues incorporate exchange obstructions, troublesome terms of exchange, excellent measures,  Agricultural area: An enormous segment of GDP in creating nations rely upon agribusiness, horticulture causes in giving food to the populace, giving business and surplus is sent out to other countries.Foreign pay profoundly relies upon rural items traded and furthermore the travel industry, anyway farming assumes a significant job in these nations in giving work and food, there are different issues that these creating nations face in this segment and they include:  Trade boundaries: High duties are forced on imports in global exchange; levies are a wellspring of income to the administration and yet they limit the degree of imports in a nation, the agrarian segment in creating nations are confronted with this issue in light of the fact that their great become increasingly xpensive in the inner market because of forced taxes. The levies will diminish the sum requested bec ause of the expansion in cost, along these lines the agrarian part is confronted with the issue of declined interest for their items, and consequently in this manner the overflow sums delivered isn't traded. Bans and portions are additionally exchange boundaries that mess up inner exchange, on account of standard the creating nations are just required to send out a specific amount to nation, this is a significant disadvantage to the rural segment in the creating countries.High input costs: Most creating nations import data sources, for example, manure, pesticides and oil, their expense in the inward market are generally high and a few makers can't manage the cost of these expenses, thus along these lines the expense of delivering the rural items is normally high making the last cost for these items to be high.Therefore the significant expense of information sources will prompt an expansion in the expense of creation, the last cost of the agrarian items is typically high and consequently less serious in the inside market, hence subsequently the farming items are generally less requested in the interior market because of rivalry from progressively proficient producers.Oil is likewise a sig nificant contribution to creation in every single segment in an economy, the creating nations by and large will import oil from created nations where costs vary much of the time, and the expense of oil will prompt an expansion in the expense of creation of these items prompting less serious costs in the inward market. Subsidies:Many nations finance their horticultural area with the goal for them to deliver more, this has represented a significant issue to the creating nations that can't bear to finance its agrarian part, sponsoring of rural creation in formed nations result into a decrease in the expense of creation and hence the nation request less imports. Sponsorships hence will make issues to the rural division in the creating nations; this is on the grounds that the creating nations produce more at low costs that are progressively serious in this market. Innovation and mechanization:Developing nations import innovation and hardware from the created nations, these machines help in expanding creation and furthermore cutting down the expense of creation, anyway because of the significant expense of these machines the created nations want to utilize work concentrated techniques for creation because of high introductory expense and furthermore support costs. The need to utilize present day machines and innovation underway lead to low degrees of fares and furthermore significant expenses of creation, hence thusly the created nations stay with the issue of underproduction and furthermore low exports.The absence of machines that help in diverting the crude materials from the rural areas into completed items lead to expanded disservices to the creating nations, most creating nations send out crude materials whose costs in the global market is low, creating nations ought to accordingly begin trading completed items from the farming part as opposed to send out crude material. Some creating nations utilize hereditarily adjusted plants for creation, these items are progressively profitable where the time taken to develop and furthermore the creation levels.This is a test to the creating nations to receive present day innovation to build creation and furthermore decrease expenses of creation. Absence of item decent variety: Developing nations tra de around a similar item to the inside market, this prompts expanded rivalry and the created nations have control over them on choosing from which nation to import from, and further the created nations will set costs because of high rivalry in the worldwide market.Product broadening implies that the creating nations ought not deliver similar merchandise for sends out; they should attempt to enhance the items they trades so as to diminish rivalry and subsequently increment the remote salary got. This ought to include the acquaintance of new items with be created in the horticultural division that are to satisfy the need for purchasers abroad. Ominous terms of trade:Terms of exchange will likewise be a significant issue to the agrarian area, creating nations sends out are generally horticultural items and they will import apparatus and oil from created nations, this represents a significant issue in the terms of exchange and this at last outcomes to exchange adjusts on the grounds that the imports have more an incentive than the fares they produce. Absence of legitimate dealing power by the creating nations lead to them experience issue in setting costs, the created nations will give their choices on the value they are happy to pay for the items and on the grounds that the flexibly in the worldwide market for these items is high the creating nations have little command over the fare costs and the issue of terms of exchange emerges making imports costly than the fares. Obligations and equalization of trade:Due to the issue of parity of exchange and terms of exchange the creating nations are confronted with the issue of obli gations, creating nations face adjusts in exchange adding to the issue of high obligation levels to fund obligations, consequently along these lines the creating nations may limit imports so as to diminish the degree of obligations and in this way less contributions to the enterprises and rural segments, hence accordingly the nation won't be in a situation to expand creation to balance the obligations prior incurred.Quality and guidelines: Developed nations and creating nations tradfe accomplices set exclusive requirements for items sent out, this lead to visit restriction on items delivered in creating nations, A genuine model is the prohibition on fish imported from east Africa during Idian Amin rule, the explanation was on the grounds that the despot had all the crippled individuals tossed into lake Victoria and in this manner it was undesirable to import fish from the lake.From the above model plainly creating nations will boycott imports because of different reasons, in the mod el it was clear that most fish traded from east Africa was tilapia, tilapia fish is a glazer and benefited from ocean weed and not meat, anyway because of the demonstration of the tyrant fish imports were prohibited for wellbeing reasons.Other items have likewise been confronted with a similar issue, model hamburger from creating nations where a specific illness flare-up may result into an all out boycott in the fares of these items much after wellbeing keeps an eye on the butchered creatures. This is a significant downside to the rural part. Handling and transportation: Most of the rural items necessitate that they are prepared before being expended, a large portion of these items are transitory and require to enter the market inside the briefest time conceivable, this requires the eveloped nation to gadget ways by which this is conceivable however because of security reasons a few items get stale before they enter the market. Hence accordingly there is a need to process these items before they are moved. The other issue is that a few items require refrigeration model blossoms, vegetables and fish and because of absence of money to buy and keep up these machines, thus hence the items are not of value on entering the market.Poor transport and correspondence arrange in creating nations additionally ruins the development of good, therefore the overflow items delivered in created nations doesn't discover its way into the market coming about into less items being sent out, for th

Understanding Acupuncture for Depression

Understanding Acupuncture for Depression Holistic Health Print Understanding Acupuncture for Depression By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Updated on September 30, 2019 Getty / Jillian Doughty More in Self-Improvement Holistic Health Happiness Meditation Stress Management Spirituality Inspiration Brain Health Technology Relationships View All In This Article Table of Contents Expand What Is Depression? What Is Acupuncture? Possible Side Effects Acupuncture in Practice Research Is Acupuncture for Me? View All Back To Top Acupuncture for depression has increasingly become the subject of research studies both in the East and the West. While theres little consensus about whether acupuncture has an important place in the treatment of depression, its also true that its a really hard treatment to investigate empirically. For this reason, most existing research is of low quality (from a meta-analysis perspective). In other words, its really hard to know whether acupuncture has much of an effect on depression, beyond what we already know can be achieved from medication, therapy, or a combination of the two. However, acupuncture continues to grow in popularity, particularly in the East, and so it deserves proper attention as a potential treatment for depression, especially for those for whom other methods have failed. What Is Depression As a quick summary, depression is an illness characterized by certain symptoms, and not just sadness or the blues. The most common symptoms are listed below: losing interest in our usual activitieshaving negative thoughts and worrying about the futurefeeling irritable, tired, or agitatedbeing unable to sleep or sleeping too muchfeeling hopeless about the futurehaving thoughts of suicide While depression is most commonly treated with medication, therapy, or a combination of the two, increasingly complementary treatments are being used and sought out by persons with depression. What Is Acupuncture? Acupuncture is a technique based on traditional Chinese medicine that involves unblocking channels of energy (also known as Qi) that are thought to reside within the body. Chinese medicine regards the mind and body as interacting together, such that what you feel in your mind can have a physical impact on your body. Emotions are represented by five different elements as follows: Fear (Water)Anger (Wood)Happiness (Fire)Worry (Earth)Grief (Metal) Its believed that these have an effect on internal organs, which are thought of as either yin or yang. Each organ is thought to correspond to a certain emotion. For example, the liver is thought to correspond to the emotion of anger. Having feelings of anger could cause trouble to your liver, and a blocked flow to your liver could also result in you feeling angry, according to Chinese Medicine and acupuncture. In order to rid you of congestion, where energy gets stuck, acupuncture clears the meridians in your body to allow Qi to freely move about. This is accomplished in practice by inserting fine needles into certain points of your body, that are thought to correspond to the meridians and connect to your organs. Understanding Emotions in Traditional Chinese Medicine Possible Side Effects of Acupuncture While the side effects of acupuncture are rare, its important to realize that they do exist. Below are lists of both the mild and serious side effects that can result. Using only a certified professional for acupuncture reduces the risk of side effects. Potential Mild Side Effects The following side effects may be seen at the site where the needles were inserted: itchinessallergic reactionfeeling sorebleeding or bruising Muscle twitching and feeling tired or drowsy are other potential side effects. Rare Serious Side Effects The following side effects are rare but possible: spinal injuryinfectionrespiratory problemscardiac problems This would generally result from improper administration of acupuncture and is why it is important to receive it from a trained professional. How Acupuncture for Depression Is Practiced How does acupuncture for depression work? The acupuncturist will insert needles into certain points of your body that are thought to connect to the negative emotions that you are having. The needles are thought to fix blocked energy or imbalances in your body, which will also influence your mind. This process is something you would receive once a week or several times a week depending on your individual situation. Below is a list of some of the points that might be used to relieve depression symptoms. Each of these corresponds to a certain point on your body: Guanyuan (CV4): lower backQihai (CV6): below the navelZhongwan (CV12): over the middle of the stomachHegu (L14): on the handMaster of Heart 6 (MH6): underside of wristYanglingquan (GB34): on the legZusanli (ST36): below the kneeTaixi (K13): on the ankleShugu (BL65): So, after your acupuncturist has inserted needles in the identified locations, you would lie still on a table in a peaceful setting, such as with music playing, aromatherapy, and mood lighting. Its not hard to imagine that this might make you feel better, regardless of whether the science behind acupuncture is valid. In fact, the state after receiving acupuncture has been referred to as acubliss. Research on Acupuncture for Depression While there are numerous studies on the effectiveness of acupuncture for depression, the quality of these studies sometimes comes into question. This isnt because researchers dont want to properly investigate acupuncture, but rather that its really hard to set up a proper study to test this treatment without some sort of bias getting in the way. Below are some of the potential sources of bias and why they may be a problem for acupuncture in particular. difficulty creating an adequate control condition (i.e., its hard to fake acupuncture)difficulty blinding patients and practitioners (i.e., the acupuncturist will know if they are doing the treatment or not)problem of reporting bias (i.e., studies in the east are more likely to show positive findings than studies in the West)problem that acupuncture has a strong placebo effect (so any real smaller effect may be hard to detect) So, what constitutes a strong research study on acupuncture for depression? It should have the following qualities: include an adequate control groupaccount for the placebo effecttake into account blindingreplicate results across different locations Acupuncture for Depression Research: A Review Study Rather than consider the results of individual studies, here we will take a look at the findings of one large review study that included 64 studies and 7104 participants. What that study showed was that most of the studies included in the review were at risk for various kinds of bias (e.g., detection bias, selection bias, reporting bias, etc.) However, there was low-quality evidence suggesting that acupuncture could moderately reduce the severity of depression compared to no treatment, waitlist, or treatment as usual. When compared with sham acupuncture, it was shown that there was a small reduction in the severity of depression. This suggests that acupuncture may have more of an effect beyond just as a placebo for depression. Compared to medication, there was low-quality evidence of a small benefit, which varied by type of medication and the mode of acupuncture (regular vs. electro). Finally, when compared with psychological therapy, the results were unclear. No conclusions could be drawn about evidence of an effect beyond that observed for psychological therapy for depression. In addition, few of the studies conducted follow-ups or studied other variables such as quality of life, which are important in depression research. Western Research on Acupuncture and Stress Meanwhile, there does seem to be evidence of the effectiveness of acupuncture in terms of blocking stress hormones and the stress response. This may be because the needles activate natural painkillers in the brain in the form of endorphins. Is Acupuncture for Depression Right for Me? Are you still not sure whether acupuncture for depression is right for you? Here are some factors to consider: Can you afford it or will the cost of it be covered by a health plan for you?Do you have time to attend sessions on a regular basis?Are you open to the experience and willing to accept potential benefits from it?Is there a certified professional that you can receive it from? (If you arent sure where to look, consider asking for a referral from your doctor or other allied professional such as a registered massage therapist. Check their credentials and training before you sign anything).Have you exhausted other traditional avenues of treatment for depression or are you looking for something to complement other treatments?Have you spoken to your doctor about your desire to receive acupuncture? Based on your answers to these questions, you should develop a better understanding as to whether it is right for you. A Word From Verywell Acupuncture for depression is an alternative therapy that has received only modest research support. This healing therapy based on ancient Chinese Medicine appears to show a small benefit for those with depression. If you are considering receiving this treatment, be sure that you contact a registered professional with proper training. The 7 Best Online Help Resources for Depression

Culture, Race, and Gender in Sports Essay - 696 Words

Culture, Race, and Gender in Sports When a person of a specific gender enters a non-traditional sport for their gender/sex, many social and moral issues will arise challenging that person involved in that particular sport. The intentions of the individual will be questioned as well as their personal interest in the sport. Before any of these questions are asked, there must be a redefinition of gender roles, femininity, and masculinity. In order for a person to enter a non-traditional sport for their gender/sex without being criticize about gender morality, society must set flexible definitions for femininity and masculinity. Society must begin to accept the variety of sports both men and women can compete in regardless of the†¦show more content†¦Through the movies viewed in this course this semester, we saw women who were able to play against men and still keep their femininity. Nothing is lost when playing sports not traditionally meant for a particular race or gender. Society must become more understanding when it comes to the sports different types of people play and hinder from stereotyping anyone when they participate and perform well in that sport. When women decide to participate in sports traditionally for men such as bodybuilding, they risk the chance of being socially stereotyped as lesbians, or simply viewed as less feminine then say women figure skaters. For example, Venus Williams is seen as criticized for being very masculine in build and judged on that by her performance. The media has commented on how well she plays, and has compared her to men in her sport. She receives fewer endorsements than many other tennis players do because of her looks (but mainly due to her race). Men place themselves in the same situation when they chose to perform/participate in traditional female sports like field hockey, socially stereotyped as gay or less masculine than hockey players. 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Personal Strengths And Weaknesses Of Leadership - 1462 Words

Introduction Effective leaders need to evaluate themselves in order to uncover their points of strength and areas of weakness on a regular basis. Self-evaluation helps leaders to see how far they are from achieving goals. It also provides a guidance to plan for what needs to be improved on personal and professional aspects. Clawson stated that before trying to understand other people’s behavior and personality, a leader has to be able to understand the own behavior and the reason behind it in order to maximize one’s leadership potential (Clawson, 2006). In this paper I will attempt to highlight my personal strengths and weaknesses as leader, I will also identify any areas needed for improvement and will develop a plan with the leadership skills and practices that I will use or that I need to develop to become an effective leader. Leadership Approach One of the present and most widespread approaches to leadership that has been the focus of much research since the early 1980s is the transformational approach (Northouse, 20150211, p. 161). As its name infers, transformational leadership is a process that changes and transforms people. It is concerned with emotions, values, ethics, standards, and long-term goals. It includes assessing followers’ motives, satisfying their needs, and treating them as full human beings. Transformational leadership involves an exceptional form of influence that moves followers to accomplish more than what is usually expected of them;Show MoreRelatedDetermine Leadership Style1390 Words   |  6 PagesDetermining Leadership Styles BD LDR/531 30 August 2010 Determining Leadership Styles One of the most important tasks any business leader must undertake is a personal assessment. 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In addition, a discussion will be completed on how current leadership skill sets will be used for advocating change in my workplace.Read MorePersonal Strengths and Weaknesses Essay781 Words   |  4 PagesMy Personal Strengths and Weaknesses I believe that life is a learning experience and being able to recognize our own strengths and weaknesses can help us become better individuals in anything we choose to do, whether it is positive abilities and skills that can help achieve our goals or negative personal areas that need improvement. Knowing yourself and what you can do, can help you recognize and overcome your weaknesses. 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Gps Based Train Tracking Free Essays

GPS/GSM based train tracking system – utilizing mobile networks to support public transportation. Dileepa Jayakody, Mananu Gunawardana, Nipuna Wicrama Surendra, Dayan Gayasri Jayasekara, Chanaka Upendra, Supervisor, Rangana De Silva Abstract : The paper presents a solution implemented at Sri Lanka, to provide an intelligent train tracking and management system to improve the existing railway transport service. The solution is based on powerful combination of mobile computing, Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), Global Positioning System (GPS), Geographical Information System (GIS) technologies and software. We will write a custom essay sample on Gps Based Train Tracking or any similar topic only for you Order Now The in-built GPS module identifies the train location with a highest accuracy and transfers the information to the central system via GSM. The availability of this information allows the Train Controller to take accurate decisions as for the train location. Location data can be further processed to provide visual positioning using maps granting a wholesome view on train location. Positioning data along with train speed helps the administration to identify the possible safety issues and react to them effectively using the communication methods provided by the system. Additionally, the location information can be used to facilitate accurate scheduling with regard to train arrival and departure on each station. Introduction Rapid growth in the field of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is a worldwide phenomenon experienced today. Emergence of wireless and mobile technologies plays a key role in the global ICT boost, unfolding a new era of communication technology. Global private sector was the first to explore the endless opportunities and potential of wireless technologies, by redesigning the business processes with the integration of latest wireless and mobile technologies to have the competitive advantage in the business world. Today, the ability to achieve organization’s goals depends purely on the availability, accuracy and reliability of the information. Governments worldwide have also recognized the high potential in the ICT sector and are using it as a core instrument to facilitate government processes and functions with the goal of uplifting the current standards of living of the society. Governments today are inspired by the concepts like eGovernment and mGoverment where governments are driven by the innovative and intelligent use of ICT as a service provider for government activities and distribution of public information. ICT combined with latest mobile and wireless technologies can be used effectively to streamline government activities and public service delivery process to improve productivity and drastically reduce capital expenditure, time and effort. Many governments have identified potential areas to be developed via the effective implementation of ICT based solutions that will meet the demands of the future world. The transportation infrastructure is one such area, which can be improved to provide an efficient, dependable and safe service to the general public with the integration of advanced communication technology. Appropriate adoption of technology would assist seamless administration of resources that would positively impact the country’s economy. The railway services in Sri Lanka are rendered by the Sri Lanka railways Department, which is wholly owned by the public sector of the country. The government is seeking methods to improve the efficiency of this service with the main objective of providing a better service to the train commuters. However, the effort of the government is constrained by the lack of funding and inappropriateness of the current solutions. But the development of ICT has revealed many options to uplift the railway service at a lower cost. Accurate train positioning has been a fundamental requirement to improve the efficiency of the service. The current switch based train-tracking system used by Sri Lanka Railways (SLR) supports the train controllers to manage the train operation by providing the train’s location. The location data provided by this system lacks in dependability. Furthermore, the maintenance of the system accounts to a large portion of total cost incurred on the railway service. Majority of these systems (especially outside the Colombo Suburban Area) offers low accuracy in terms of indicating the location of a train to the Train Controllers. Installing the systems, which can accurately provide such readings are really expensive and the total cost of ownership is unbearable for SLR. The train safety has been an issue with the increasing number of incidents being reported that has caused death and injury. Majority of deaths on the railway involve third parties with the incursion onto the level crossings. Average train accident would cost millions of Sri Lankan rupees and these can be avoided if there is a mechanism to track the train location and speed and warn the locomotive drivers about possible safety issues. Additionally, the train commuters also face difficulties due to frequent train delays, as the administration is unable to provide accurate schedules based on train’s location and speed. The solution is a comprehensive GPS/GSM based train tracking system, which provides accurate, dependable and timely information to the controller. The inbuilt GPS module identifies the train location with a highest accuracy and transfers the information to the central system via GSM. The availability of this information allows the Train Controller to take accurate decisions as for the train location. Location data can be further processed to provide visual positioning using maps granting a wholesome view on train location. Positioning data along with train speed helps the administration to identify the possible safety issues and react to them effectively using the communication methods provided by the system. Additionally, the location information can be used to facilitate accurate scheduling with regard to train arrival and departure on each station. This information can also be made available for the commuters to identify any train delay in advance making this service more reliable. Railway services in Sri Lanka The Sri express, Lanka Railways Department provides long distance and intercity Colombo commuter, parcel and mail, freight and provision of special harter trains. This accounts to a provision of services to 105 million passengers and transfer of 1. 6 Million metric tonnes of freight per annum. The railways are a vital part of the country’s transport infrastructure. As the economy grows, demand for efficient transport services increases, which the rail industry has an important role to play in meeting. The rail industry is making progress in increasing the number of passengers carried, as well as its share of the freight market, and in improving its customer focus and its levels of performance and safety. Railway Today In 2008, railway losses amounted to LKR 4,553 million and state bus transport losses amounted to LKR 3,554 million, giving a total of LKR 8,107 million losses on state transport. This is not just a one- time phenomenon, but has been the trend for the last few decades. The total losses from the railway alone since 1999 have been LKR 28,052 million. That means, on average, the railway lost LKR 234 million every month over the past ten years; or, to make it even more graphic, LKR 7. 79 million every single day for the last ten years [1]. This depicts the current state of the railways system in Sri Lanka as for the efficiency and general acceptance of the service. Reliability matters to the railway’s customers and to the economy at large. Train delay, a common phenomenon in Sri Lanka is considered to be inevitable and an acceptable scenario. A train delay might wary from 15mins to many hours. There are occasions where this has caused disputes among the commuters and the administration but the problem still remains unresolved. Railways department maintains a fixed schedule on train arrival and departure but does not pre-update based on potential delays. As a result the commuters face many problems and waste time and energy that can be used more productively. The provision of safe and reliable services is a fundamental requirement of the railway as thousands rely on this service as their prime mode of transportation. The railway accidents accounts to death, injury and a large cost to the government. Most of the accidents are in form of derailments, which occur infrequently but have the potential to result in a large number of casualties. The most significant contributors of these accidents involve track and signaling faults. Lack of communication between the controllers and the drivers might prevent the preliminary precautionary actions being taken to avoid such accidents. Additionally, the danger relies on the fact that there would be no mechanism to identify the potential safety issues as for the unawareness of trains speed and location. The railways department has set itself several objectives to address this situation through a quantitative improvement of its services. It is planned to increase railway share of passenger transport from percent 5% to 10% and Modal share of freight transport from 2% to 10% by 2010[2]. Additionally, the department has identified the importance of improving the safety and efficiency of the service and has set the following objectives in its strategic plan; †¢ Improve cleanliness quality of coachers / stations †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Reduce train delays by 25 % and accidents/ derailment by 50% Remove all speed restrictions less than 8 Km Ph Establish management structure based on performance evaluation and monitoring process Enhance the percentage of efficiency Put in place a methodology for utilization of public funds corresponding to specific services to make the present negative contribution in to a positive one There’re several constraints that needs to be addressed in order to achieve these objectives as this might even require complete reengineering of certain technological aspects of the current system. The main constraint of course is the lack of funding. Railways are suffering from historic under-investment stretching back for decades that could be assumed to be so for the foreseeable future as well. However, it’s possible to develop effective solution that is economically feasible to the government. This would only be possible with the appropriate introduction of new technological solutions that achieve both performance and cost goals. Provisions for the future Setting objectives won’t be adequate for the development of the railway service in Sri Lanka. There should be effective and appropriate steps taken with a vision on addressing future demands and expansion. These steps should involve further planning, extensive designing, implementation of solutions and maintaining such systems in order to sustain the service. There are several potential steps that can be taken in order to address most of the aforementioned issues associated with the railway service that in turn would assist the Railways department in achieving its strategic goals. Improving Safety The Railway department of Sri Lanka carries about 150 million passengers per annum and the safety of such service can never be taken for granted. Passengers are entitled to expect to travel in safety throughout their journey and the government should be committed to protect the passengers and employers form any safety issue that might rise during the journey. Effective safety planning requires a detailed understanding of key risk areas; the activities or circumstances where the safety risk to passengers, the workforce and the public is greatest. This allows resources and effort to be concentrated where they will have the greatest impact. Following are the main security issues identified in Sri Lanka; †¢ †¢ Infrastructure engineering issues – derailment, signaling, points and crossings Public behavior – Assault, objects on line, objects thrown at trains, accidents at level crossings †¢ †¢ Passenger behavior – Struck against fixed objects, falling from train in running Workforce issues – maintenance error, control errors The main safety issues are in the form of accidents that mostly involve third parties other than the passengers and the employers. However, infrastructure safety threats and workforce issues accounts to a considerable amount identified in Sri Lanka. Most of the infrastructure issues are associated with signaling and accident. This can be addressed by developing a communication channel between the train and the control center. The control center should be able to identify the train’s location and speed to recognize possible safety threats; such as collision domains, speeding and noncompliance to signals. The control center should also be able to notify the locomotive drivers of the security threat. This will allow the drivers to avoid or at least minimize the harmful consequences. New system-management technology combined with accurate knowledge of train position will give the opportunity to present drivers with advisory speeds as well as safety-critical speeds, aimed at maintaining the flow of traffic by regulating trains in advance of points of conflict so as to avoid or minimize the need to stop trains to await paths. Human intervention at control centers can lead to accidents due to human error or negligence. For an instance if the cross point calculation is done manually it can lead to accidents if an erroneous value is communicated. These problems can only be solved via an automated system, which will handle these tasks and would consequently avoid human error. Improving Reliability Availability The trust on the railway as a reliable service has degraded over the last few decades due to poor provision of services to the general public. This is mainly due to the frequent delays experienced specially in long distance services. A reliable railway is the single most important requirement of passengers. Delays are an unproductive use of people’s time, and serious delays might disrupt their travel plans. The initial cause of a delay can be: †¢ †¢ †¢ An infrastructure problem for which railway department is responsible (for example, a signaling problem or a speed restriction imposed in response to a track defect); An operational problem for which a train operator is responsible (for example, the breakdown of a train); and An incident that is largely beyond the railway’s control (for example, an accident involving a third party) The signaling problems and accidents involving third parties can be minimized using a communication channel between the drivers and the control centers. The control center should be informed of the train’s current position and speed that should be based on an accurate, dependable source of data. Delays can be minimized with driver advisory speeds, improved platform departure times, backed by predictive routing algorithms and supporting regulation of train movements through junctions, can ensure presentation of trains just in time to utilize a free path, rather than stopping and starting from rest when a path becomes available. None of these solutions will be possible unless the current tracking system is replaced by a dependable and a more informative system that is capable of providing accurate train position and speeds of the entire network. The cost of train control should fall rapidly once real-time train location systems that are suitable to the local context is identified and are implemented. It is likely that operations on most regional lines will be controlled from an operations centre, through low-cost wireless technology such as GSM, the future development of which will allow increased capacity for train control systems, regulation, and improved passenger safety services. Improving Communication and Public Awareness Lack of information regarding train schedules, delays, and low accuracy of the schedules are to become worse within the context of expansions and would only result in more time spent on the platform, consequently resulting in public dissatisfaction and frustration. There are several constraints identified that would prevent the railways from providing accurate schedules and other information. †¢ †¢ The static nature of the information sources (ex: static web pages and notifications at stations) Deficiencies of the current tracking system General public is made aware of the train schedules using notifications at train stations and via the official web site of the railways department. However, none of these methods will provide accurate data as for the static nature of the web site and the notifications at the station. Additionally, the deficiencies of the current tracking system impose constraints on providing accurate, dependable and timely information to the user. The switched based tracking system used by the railways department is yet to cover the entire network but would cost a considerable amount for expansion and maintenance thus, emphasizes the need of an alternative that would be more accurate and cost effective. This limits effective decision-making due to inaccuracy and would also lead to accidents. Additional train capacity and better service performance will be the key for success, but the coherent use of technology to deliver information on train status in real time will not only improve utilization, but also offer seamless planning as well as accurate information on availability of passenger services. Further enhancements of such system would even grant passengers capabilities such as text messages informing accurate arrival and departure times and even the seating capacity of the train. GPS/GSM Based Train Tracking System We strongly believe that the correct combination of latest information and communication technologies can provide an effective and feasible solution for the requirement of a reliable and accurate train tracking system to improve the efficiency and productivity of Sri Lanka Railways. The solution we propose encompasses a powerful combination of mobile computing, Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), Global Positioning System (GPS), Geographical Information System (GIS) technologies and software to provide an intelligent train tracking and management system to improve the existing railway transport service. All these technologies are seamlessly integrated to build a robust, scalable architecture as illustrated in Fig. 1. Fig. : High Level Architecture The fundamental process in our system is obtaining train location using GPS technology and transmitting the data via GSM network to the central control unit for data processing and information analysis. Real- time positioning information received by the server is made meaningful and extremely useful for the end user through integration of GIS technology where the end user can better organize and utilize information from a graphical view point. Our system consists of 3 main modules. †¢ †¢ †¢ The portable hardware unit (GPS/GSM train locator unit) Central server which andles receiving information from train locators and concurrent user requests Graphical User Interface (GUI) to provide services to our stakeholders The train locator unit planted in the train is designed and implemented, considering the cost factor, size of the module, durability and low power consumption. The power supply unit of the module is a main factor which decides the feasibility of the unit, as it should sustain a seamless supply of electricity at a low voltage for the locator module to function properly. The GPS receiver of the unit is capable of identifying the latitudinal and longitudinal position and ground speed of the specific train by receiving information from the GPS satellites. The position data is periodically sent to the central server through the GSM transmitter of the module. The device is capable of storing data in a buffer at a time of GSM connectivity failure, and can synchronize with the remote server when GSM is back online. The device can also respond to commands and data calls from the remote server as per administrative requirements of the train controllers. We have chosen GSM as the communication medium between the train locator and the central server to improve availability of our system by utilizing the existing GSM network which covers the whole country. The use of GSM over GPRS significantly improves the feasibility and availability of our system. Despite the high mobile penetration and number of mobile telecom service providers (GSM) covering the island, GPRS usage and the coverage is poor in many rural parts of Sri Lanka. Thus, selection of GSM over GPRS data communication is feasible and enables island wide service provisioning. The competition between the GSM service providers has also lead to high quality GSM services at fair rates. The central control system includes a server for handling and processing all the position information received from train locators via the GSM network. The server automatically updates the database with latest position, speed and direction information of each train. The server carries out information processing and analyzing in order to cater for different requirements of the users of our system. The main stakeholders of our system are the railway Department), locomotive drivers and the train administrators (Railway commuters. Our main objective is to be instrumental in improving the efficiency and effectiveness of Sri Lanka Railway services by fulfilling the fundamental requirement of reliable and real time information of train positioning for monitoring and administration purposes by the Railway Department. The end user of our system is offered with an easy to use graphical user interface for information analysis and administration tasks. The web based access and extensible mobile access to our software is designed to be intuitive for the end user to maximize the effectiveness and efficiency of our system. We have incorporated GIS techniques to provide location specific data organized in layers so the end user can better apprehend the information provided by the system. a very good Satellite images providing visual positioning can serve as background when used in conjunction with map data specifying the location. Our system essentially provides functionality for the railway administrator to monitor the progress of a particular train or a group of trains operating in a geographical area. The user can search and locate trains by the train ID, train name, current location or nearest station etc. Information such as train speed, direction can also be given along with real time train positioning data. The train control and management process includes management of heavy traffic of passenger and freight trains, which operates in complex running patterns on the railway network. The train controller needs to ensure that passenger trains are adhering to the schedules as well to find efficient routes for unscheduled freight trains. Recording the train movements, arrival/departure at railway stations, fuel status, railway track conditions, and passenger information is a tedious task for the train controllers and would be time consuming if done manually. The accuracy of this information is very important to ensure smooth functioning of the railway service as well as to optimize resource planning. For example at a point of a railway-track failure or an accident, train controller should be able to decide on how to utilize existing resources and efficient alternative routes to ensure system availability of the railway service in that region. Thus our train tracking system can be enhanced to automate the train control and management process of the Railway Department in order to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the railway services provided. Following is a list of facilities that can be offered by our system to automate the train control and management process. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Automatic record keeping of train operations and events Functionality to generate time-distance graph for trains which can be used to control and plan the train movements Facility to generate user defined reports and graphs on train movements, arrival-departure at each station, schedule adherence etc. Facility to playback the progress of each train and events for review purposes Automated schedule regulation Forecasting functionality on train arrival-departure at different stations Automatic detection of over speeding, non-adherence r egulations, rail-track failures, train delays etc. o traffic Facility to send alerts/warnings to particular train drivers on possible collisions, derailment through the system Automatic rail crossing control By automating the process of record keeping of train traveling, the load of paper work on the train controller is dramatically reduced. This would also ensure accuracy and integrity of the data eliminating human error when documentation is done manu ally. A single entry point of data ensures there’s no ambiguity of the data recorded in the system. The logged data on arrival-departure time at different stations, number of passengers onboard, freight details, signaling and fuel status at different stations, are instrumental for railway administration when evaluating performance of trains and locomotive drivers. Graphical representation of these data with ability to compare with historical data will be instrumental for the administration to take effective decisions. Various user defined reports on train activities, driver performance, passenger and freight information also support timely and accurate decision making by the administration. Time-distance graph is vital for the train traffic regulation process. The graph gives the user a wholesome view of the train circulation, railway infrastructure state in different regions and enables the user to detect abnormal conditions and conflicts. The graph is useful for the train operator to identify traffic problems in advance and take precautions to resolve the problems. Data mining is a method of extracting patterns from data [3]. The use of advance data mining techniques combined with complex algorithms such as neural networks, genetic algorithms and rule induction can be instrumental in identifying hidden patterns from enormous amount of data. Spatial data mining technique combines data mining with GIS to find patterns in spatial data, which could be a powerful tool for applications using geographical information such as our system. With the huge amount of data pertaining to train operations collected daily, process of information analysis using conventional methods would be a difficult task. Hence, the use of spatial data mining techniques would drastically improve the productivity and effectiveness of the train control and management process carried out through our system. Facility to playback past activities on the railway, enables the user to review and analyze operational situations in the past. Data mining operations can be used effectively in combination with the playback function to identify sequential patterns of particular activities and their impact on the railway traffic. For example, at an unfortunate incident of a train collision, train controllers can use the playback feature combined with the data mining techniques to analyze and identify the sequence of activities which resulted in that accident. With that knowledge, railway administrators can take necessary precautions and trigger alerting mechanisms to avoid such unfortunate accidents in future, making the railway transportation much safer. Improving safety and availability of railway transport service requires detection and triggering of alerting mechanisms to avoid possible train collisions and other forms of adverse incidents. Constant monitoring of train location, speed, traffic conditions, rail-track conditions and adherence to traffic regulations helps the train controllers to detect potential collisions and derailments. A proper alerting framework is vital in order to avoid such adverse incidents by alerting the locomotive drivers in advance. Our system facilitates a comprehensive alerting mechanism by enabling the train controllers to send alerts/ notifications to locomotive drivers via GSM connection. The hardware unit planted in the train can be enhanced to prompt the alerts to the driver in graphical and audible forms. A LED display unit and an alarm bell to signal adverse conditions can be integrated with the hardware unit to provide a complete alerting framework. The unit can be further enhanced to support voice communication between train controllers and locomotive drivers in order to provide guidance and important messages to the particular driver. This would also enable locomotive drivers to contact the control unit at a state of emergency. Furthermore the system can be incorporated to significantly improve safety at railway and road intersection points. Over the years, many road accidents have occurred at railway crossings imposing a critical safety threat to both train commuters and passengers in vehicles. Such accidents are caused mainly by the unreliability of the safety mechanisms such as blocking arms and signal lights used at the crossing point. Thus our system can be extended to improve the reliability of such safety mechanisms by synchronizing the railway crossing control process with the incoming train’s position. We can provide accurate real time information on train position, speed and length of the train to synchronize the functions of rail crossing with the train movements. The productivity of the service can be significantly improved by providing accurate predictions on approaching train at the rail-road crossing and displaying amount of remaining time to clear the crossing from train traffic. Alarm triggers to alert road vehicles approaching too close to the rail-road crossing at a point of train approaching, can also be incorporated to improve the effectiveness of our solution. Thus the system is instrumental in improving safety of both railway passengers and people crossing rail-road cross points. Integrating an intelligent forecasting mechanism on arrival-departure time at different railway stations can further enhance the efficiency and productivity of our system. Train schedule is inevitably subject to train delays which can occur due to various reasons such as excessive train load, rail track failures, train traffic, adverse weather conditions etc. A number of operational parameters such as railway traffic, train priority, efficient routes, and railway infrastructure conditions have to be taken into consideration to accurately forecast train arrival time at various stations. Here also data mining with other complex algorithms can be instrumental to provide accurate forecasting on train arrival-departure at stations. The train schedule regulations are automatically updated and stakeholders can be notified. One of the main purposes of our system is to facilitate accurate public information istribution with regard to railway services and operations. Thus, our system can be incorporated to design and implement innovative Passenger Information Systems (PIS) based on real time information of train positions. LED-Display panels put up at railway stations can display arrivaldeparture time of each train enabling the public user to make informed decisions on their journeys. Route number, destination of the arriving vehicle and waiting ti me can be displayed with real time information. With accurate forecasting of train arrival-departure at stations, Railway Department can improve the loyal customer base and also attract new passengers to railway transport service by winning their trust and reducing user uncertainty of using public transport facilities. The user experience can be further enhanced by introducing information Kiosks which can provide information to travelers in an intuitive and interactive manner to make informed decisions on selecting train routes and departure time. The interactive kiosk can be used to obtain travel information such as alternate routes to specified destination, route details on the railway map and latest information on train schedules etc. As a marketing strategy, information regarding the particular city, culture and commercial activities can also be provided to the user through the kiosk. Another extension of the PIS system is delivering real time train information to handheld devices such as mobile phones and PDAs. With the increasing interest on mobile applications, access to latest train schedule information via mobile connection can be influential for improving customer base of the railway service. Easy to use mobile applications can be designed and implemented to enable train commuters to easily subscribe to our service and obtain latest train schedule information via mobile devices. Reliability and customer loyalty of the railway services can be significantly improved by taking such action to improve accurate public information distribution of the current status of railway services. Conclusion After seeing many advancements and changes in the location tracking technology, Sri Lanka Railways now has the ability to pin point the location and other attributes of an operational train in an economical accurate manner. Thus it is visible that to keep up with the today’s demand for information and to comply with the citizen centric governance, technological advancements is essential for a 3rd world country, as after all the deciding factors of a country’s success would be on the how ollaborative and duplex the governance framework in terms of seamless information flow of accurate and timely information between governance ecosystem. Reference [1] Rohan Samarajiva, May 2009, Ideas to win the war: Sri Lanka’s main line railway, http://www. lankabusinessonline. com/print. php? nid=1238565096 [2] Sri Lanka Railway Department 2007, n. d. , Future Plans, http://www. railway. gov. lk/future_plan. html How to cite Gps Based Train Tracking, Essay examples

Julia Rowe DANC 221 Critical Analysis Paper- Rough Essays

Julia Rowe DANC 221 Critical Analysis Paper- Rough Draft The Mark Morris Dance Group performed a spectacular concert at Cal Poly ' s Performing Arts Center on May 10, 2016. Mark Morris is a world-famous choreographer of modern and contemporary styles. The choreography for this performance overall lacked athleticism, however, there were other obscure techniques and strategies that took place to keep the audience entertained throughout the entire concert. Although some concepts may have been difficult to interpret, the three pieces of the concert successfully compelled the audience through differentiating themes of body language , humor, and aesthetic appeal. The first piece, called " Words, " seemed to be experimenting with the idea of conveying an emotion or mood without the use of actual words. The live music that accompanied this piece included a violin and piano, with no corresponding lyrics. There were many pair work where dancers would vary o n use of face expression, personal space, and movement to portray types of relationships between dancers. These movements and body languages conveyed many emotions such as happiness, longing, disappointment, and playfulness which were interrupted with a grey sheet. This grey sheet carried by two dancers, moved across the stage to mark the end of a scene and a beginning of another. Even this grey sheet evoked mixed feelings of sadness of a scene ending and an excitement of what will happen in the next. The following piece may have been the audience ' s favorite piece of the concert because the intended humor was well understood by the crowd. The odd lyrics from Ivor Cutler were represented by dancers ' pedestrian-like movements, gestures, and pantomime that visualized the words and sounds in the music. For instance, an incomplete word phrase of " a pain in the " was immediately followed by a women on downstage center focusing the audience ' s attention to h er behind. The audience loved this as well as when the lyrics said " I don't know what love is, I don ' t either, " while a male and female dancer were interacting with each other. Although there were many deeper meanings of the lyrics, the audience seemed to only understand the surface of it, hence the ongoing laughter throughout the piece. " The Grand Duo " was the closing piece of the night, which had an aesthetic appeal and beauty through a unison of shapes and motifs. Unlike the previous two pieces, the fourteen dancers remained on stage while making slight variations on movement phrases. In the beginning, the dancers started with one finger pointing straight above, flickering like a small flame on a candle. Another repeated motif was an L-shape of the arms with a deep pli e . All dancers executed both of these repeated movements with variations on speed, level, and direction, but still seemed to bring a sense of unity. Along with this, the green, p urple, and blue costumes made of a silky material had an effect of illustrating a painted artwork.